Nucleic Acids

• What are the four bases, full names, of DNA?

  adenine & thymine & guanine & cytosine
• What is the structure of DNA structure called?

  double helix
• Label this nucleotide diagram; I. and II. and III. ?

  I. phosphate group

  II. nitrogenous base

  III. deoxyribose sugar

  
• What bonds joins two nucleotides together?

  condensation / phosphodiester
• What are the bonds that hold the bases in a nucleotide?

  hydrogen bonds
• Which nitrogenous bases are complementary fit together?

  adenine - thymine & guanine - cytosine
• What is the DNA backbone called and made of?

  sugar phosphate backbone & phosphate and deoxyribose sugar
• What is RNA full name?

  ribonucleic acid
• What are 3 differences between RNA and DNA?

  RNA has uracil instead of thymine & RNA has ribose sugar & RNA is single stranded
• What does mRNA stand for?

  messenger RNA
• What does tRNA stand for?

  transfer RNA
• What does rRNA stand for?

  ribosome RNA
• What is the job of mRNA?

  carrying genetic information outside the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis
• What is the job of tRNA?

  carry amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
• What is the job of rRNA?

  synthesis of proteins in the ribosomes
• Why does DNA need to replicate?

  pass genetic information to the new cells
• What is the first step of DNA replication?

  dna strand separated by enzyme dna helicase
• What does DNA helicase do?

  breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
• What is the second step of DNA replication?

  dna polymerase adds a new complimentary rna nucleotide called a primer
• What is the third step in DNA replication?

  enzyme ligase repairs the sugar-phosphate backbone
• What are the two enzymes that occur in DNA replication?

  dna helicase & dna polymerase
• What are 3 bases held together by?

  hydrogen bonds
• What one method of DNA replication?

  semi-conservative
• Why is it called semi-conservative replication?

  each new dna molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand
• Who had adapted the semi-conservative replication theory?

  watson & crick
• What is the definition of chromosome?

  wound up dna that holds genetic information
• What is the definition of gene?

  part of chromosome
• What is the definition of gene locus?

  location of gene
• What is the definition of allele?

  different version of the same gene
• What is the definition of exons?

  code for proteins
• What is the definition of introns?

  portion of dna that do not code for polypeptide
• How many bases are needed to code for an amino acid?

  3
• What are 3 bases called that code for an amino acid?

  codon
• What is the start code and its name?

  atg & methionne
• What is the definition of degenerative?

  Most amino acids coded for more than one codon
• What is the definition of universal?

  evidence for evolution
• What is the definition of overlapping?

  cannot share the bases only read each base once
• What is the definition of mutation?

  change in bases & amino acids affecting the organisms