[1] Intro + Physical Oceanography

• Study of everything about the ocean and its properties

  Oceanography
• Study on marine life forms and their relationships with the environment

  Marine Biology
• Aristotle and Pliny the Elder are some examples of ancient philosophers who studied the ocean
• 18th-19th Century Naturalists and their Marine Biology Contributions:

  • Cuvier - Sea cucumbers are cuverian tubules
  • Darwin - Study of coral reef reproduction
• The mid-1800s was the time when deep-sea organisms were first discovered due to Atlantic Cable issues
• 4700 marine species were discovered by the HMS Challenger Deep Sea Expedition
• Murray, Thompson, and Hensek were part of the HMS Challenger expedition
• Victor Hensek coined the term plankton
• Louis and Alexander Agassiz noted around 4000 species during their expedition
• Fridtjof Nansen is a Norwegian marine biologist who won a nobel prize for studying the arctic marine
• Hardy is an Antarctic marine researcher who focused on whales and plankton
• James Cameron and Victor Vescoro both made submersibles to reach the bottom of the Ocean
• 4 Oceans

  
  

  1. Pacific
  2. Atlantic
  3. Antarctic
  4. Indian
• Open oceans are bigger in size and are affected by regional differences in climate or river output
• Marginal seas have less and smaller waves than oceans, and are more varied and shallow due to restricted connections with open oceans
• Types of sediment

  1. Hydrogenous sediment
  2. Biogenous sediment
  3. Terrigenous sediment
  4. Cosmogenous sediment
• Sediments caused by ocean water evaporate

  Hydrogenous sediment
• Sediment caused by eroded shells, exoskeletons

  Biogenous sediment
• Sediment caused by eroded clay, sand, soil, etc.

  Terrigenous sediment
• Sediment caused by eroded asteroid materials

  Cosmogenous sediment
• Most ecosystems are situated at the continental shelf
• These are areas on the seafloor where deep-sea sediment is compacted

  Abyssal Plains
• Abyssal Plains are near active areas on the sea floor
• Deep sea trenches are areas where the oceans are slowly diverging

  • Subduction zones are active tectonic areas where the seafloor is diverging
• Volcanic mountains are areas on the seafloor where there is convergence
• Label the ff. figure

  A) Continent

  B) Shelf

  C) Slope

  D) Rise

  E) Volcanic mountains

  F) Deep sea trench

  G) Abyssal plain

  H) Seamount

  I) Island

  
• Convection currents are caused by the movement of magma in the mantle

  • Warm magma rises to the surface, cools at the crust, and sinks at zones of subduction

  
• Dating sediments found on the seafloor reveal iron deposits with different polarities

  • These indicate the changing of North and South poles
• Vast superocean that surrounded Pangaea

  Panthalassa
• Major plates encompass the surfaces of the earth and influence ocean currents
• The Philippine and Pacific plates have active subduction and contain the Marianas Trench
• The blue lines in this figure represent trenches, areas with high activity of earthquakes and volcanic activity

  
• Topographical maps showing land elevation and depths as values

  Bathygraphic charts
• Maps that use perspective drawing with coloring and shading to visualize depth

  Physiographic charts
• Differentiate these two charts:

  A) Bathygraphic chart

  B) Physiographic chart

  
• Bathygraphic charts are more technical and look at exact values
• Physiographic charts more easily show shallow/deep charts of the ocean floor
• 3 types of projection

  1. Cylindrical
  2. Tangential
  3. Conical
• The Alberts Equal Area is a conical projection

  • There is a greater distortion of an area going down the equator
• The Lambert Azimuthal is a tangential projection anchored onto the North and South poles

  • Accurately represents latitude and longitude for location
  • Still has distortion due to inaccurate areas