Chapter 4 - PSY 0010

• LSD (hallucinogens)


  powerful distortions of time, colors, sounds, and shapes

  
  

  -experiences range from profound to terrifying
• MDMA (ecstasy) (hallucinogens)


  increases feelings of energy, empathy, and euphoria

  
  

  -can impair memory, intellectual performance
• marijuana (hallucinogens)


  produces euphoria, sense of well being, vivid sensations

  
  

  -can produce memory impairment, reduced sperm count, increased asthma symptoms

  -can relieve nausea from chemotherapy and muscle spasms

  -can be prescribed in 39 states
• hallucinogens


  produce powerful alterations in perceptions

  
  

  -marijuana

  
  

  -MDMA (ecstasy)

  
  

  _LSD
• oxycodone (narcotics)


  commonly abused prescription pain reliever
• heroin (narcotics)


  illegal; usually injected

  
  

  -produces initial powerful rush, followed by a sense of well-being

  -highly addictive; overdoses can be lethal
• morphine (narcotics)


  used as medicine
• narcotics (opioids)


  produce relaxation and pain relief

  
  

  -morphine

  
  

  -heroin

  
  

  -oxycodone
• rohypnol (depressants)


  causes incapacitation and memory loss
• barbiturates (depressants)


  prescribed for sleep and stress reduction

  
  

  -can cause altered thinking, poor judgment, and sluggishness
• alcohol (depressants)


  most commonly used drug

  
  

  -1 in 13 adults in the U.S. have alcohol abuse problems
• depressants


  produce feelings of intoxication and joy

  
  

  -alcohol

  
  

  -barbiturates

  
  

  -rohypnol
• cocaine (and crack) (stimulants)


  increased sense of well being, alertness, and confidence

  
  

  -highly addictive, overdoses can be lethal

  -can cause cocaine hallucinations (sense of bugs crawling on skin)
• amphetamines (stimulants)


  increases energy, alertness, and mood

  
  

  -extended use --- suspiciousness, convulsions, and death

  -includes methamphetamines (cheap and highly addictive)
• caffeine (stimulants)


  increases alertness, decrease reaction time

  
  

  -withdrawal includes headaches and depression
• stimulants (types)

  nicotine

  
  

  caffeine

  
  

  amphetamines

  
  

  cocaine
• stimulants


  increases heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension
• drug classes

  stimulants

  
  

  depressants

  
  

  narcotics

  
  

  hallucinogens
• addictive drugs


  produce dependance

  
  

  -physiological --- body can't function well without the drug

  -psychological --- people feel that they need the drug
• psychoactive drugs


  affect emotions, perceptions, and behavior

  
  

  -addictive drugs

  ---physiological

  ---psychological
• meditation

  altered state of consciousness produced by:

  
  

  -repeating mantra (particular word or sound

  -concentrating on mantra until unaware of outside stimulation
• hypnosis


  trance like state of increased susceptibility to suggestion

  
  

  -people won't do the following

  ---lose their will

  ---reveal hidden truths

  ---commit antisocial or self destructive behavior

  
  

  -only about 15% of people are easily hypnotized

  -can improve pain and anxiety, smoking cessation, eyewitness recall, and athletic performance
• circadian rhythms


  biological processes that work on a 24 hour cycle

  
  

  -sleep and waking, hormone production, mood

  -need for sleep fluctuates throughout the day

  -controlled by brain; affected by light cycles

  ---seasonal affective behavior ---severe depression during winter
• sleep walking and talking

  -usually in stage 4

  -more common in children

  -typically harmless
• night terrors


  sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep

  
  

  -typically occurs in stage 4

  -accompanied by strong fear and panic

  -rare; typically occurs in children (3-8 years old)
• narcolepsy


  brief periods of uncontrollable sleeping

  
  

  -from awake directly to REM

  -possibly genetic
• sleep apnea


  difficulty breathing during sleep

  
  

  -some wake up 500 times per night

  -might be involved in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
• insomnia


  difficulty falling or staying asleep

  
  

  -affects 1 in 3 people
• activation synthesis theory (neuroscience)


  There's random neural activity during REM

  
  

  This brings up random memories

  
  

  Random memories are turned into a story line so they make sense
• dreams for survival theory (evolutionary)


  Dreams allow us to revisit info that is critical to

  survival

  
  

  Are consistent with everyday living

  
  

  Memory for motor skills are consolidated during REM

  
  

  Visual memory tasks - people perform better after REM sleep
• latent content


  underlying wishes that dream represents (e.g. insecurity)

  
  

  -is distressing, so it is hidden in manifest content
• manifest content


  actual dream content (e.g. a house)
• unconscious wish fulfillment theory (psychoanalytic)


  dreams represent unconscious wishes that need to be fulfilled

  
  

  -manifest content

  -latent content
• explanations of dreams

  unconscious wish fulfillment theory (psychoanalytic)

  
  

  dreams for survival theory (evolutionary)

  
  

  activation synthesis theory (neuroscience)
• sleep deprivation


  cognitive and emotional decline, but no lasting effects
• possible functions of sleep

  - Conserves energy at night

  - Replenishes the brain & body

  - In children growth hormones produced during deep sleep
• rebound effect


  REM deprivation = more time spent in REM during next sleep session
• REM (rapid eye movement)

  brain waves similar to relaxed and awake

  
  

  -eyes move back and forth

  -increases in breath rate, heart rate, and blood pressure

  -body is paralyzed, dreaming occurs

  -about 20% of sleep

  -rebound effect
• stage 4

  highest amplitude, lowest frequency

  
  

  -people are least responsive to outside stimulation

  -stages 3 and 4 happen during the first half of night
• Stage 3


  slower brain waves

  
  

  -stages 3 and 4 happen during the first half of night