6.10 - development of the middle class

• examples of middle-class jobs

  lawyers, self-employed doctors, merchants
• white-collar workers

  salaried employees whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor
• middle management

  needed to coordinate the operations between the chief executives + factories
• gospel of wealth

  argued that the wealthy had a moral responsibility to carry out projects of civic philanthropy to help others to better themselves and in turn improve society
• frederick law olmsted

  designed suburban communities with graceful curved roads + open spaces, "a village in the park"
• city beautiful movement

  advanced grand plans to remake american cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, public cultural attractions
• kindergarten

  (borrowed from germany) reflected the growing interest in early-childhood education
• public high schools

  tax-supported, college prep + vocational/citzenship edcuation
• changes and continuties in the role of working women during the gilded age

  changes: doctors, lawyers, college professors, moved into formerly male jobs like secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, telephone operators, nursing + technology became feminized .continuities: the main idea that women if able to afford should be at home raising children
• what were some reasons for the growth of suburbs

  low cost, abundant land. inexpensive transportation for comuting. new construction methods made houses cheaper, people wanted to live in all white communties due to prejudice, many enjoyed the grass + privacy
• difference between private city and public city

  private: streetcars + utilities for profit, but also disease, crime, etc. public: municipal water purification, sewerage systems, waste disposal, street lining, police departments
• johns hopkins university

  first american insitiution to speacialize in advanced graduate studies
• social sciences

  ex: psychology, sociology. focused on using data to address social issues
• w.e.b dubois

  studied crime in urban neighbourhoods, first african american to recieve a doctorate from harvard, advocated for racial equality, intergrated schools, equal access to higher education
• oliver wendell holmes jr

  argues that the law should evolve with the times in response to changing needs + not remain restricted to legal precedents + judicial decisions of the past
• clarence darrow

  famous lawyer, argued that criminal behavior could be caused by a person's environemnt of poverty, neglect, abuse
• factors that led to a growth in leisure-time activities

  less work hours, improved transportation, promotional billboards + advertising, decline of restrictive puritian/victorian values that discouraged wasting time on play
• sensationaljoseph pulitzer/ new york world

  filled his paper with sensational stories, crimes + disasters, feature stories about political + economic corruption
• greatest show on earth

  used the new railroad network to move a huge number of acts + animals
• why did railroad + streetcar companies build parks

  to keep cars running on sundays + holidays and so urban families could enjoy picnics + outdoor recreation
• jelly roll morton/ buddy bolden

  expanded the audience for jazz- a musical form that combined african rhythms with european instruments
• spectator sports

  urban, owners orgamized teams into a league. ex) baseball
• prejudice in sports

  jim crow laws prevented black people from joining all-white leagues, private clubs discriminated against jews, catholics, and african americans