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• Hyaline cartilage consists of 16 - 20 incomplete, horizontal rings connected by dense connective tissue, providing a semirigid support to maintain patency so that the tracheal wall does not collapse inward and obstruct the air passageway.
• Adventitia is a type of connective tissue that binds the trachea to surrounding tissues.
• The main functions of the respiratory system include respiration and ventilation, regulating blood pH, containing receptors for sense of smell, filtering inspired air, producing vocal sounds, and excreting small amounts of water and heat.
• The structural division of the respiratory system includes the upper nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and the lower larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
• The functional division of the respiratory system includes the conducting zone which includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and primary bronchi, and the respiratory zone which includes the bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
• The medical terminologies related to the respiratory system include Nas/o for Nose, Rhin/o for Nose, Sinus/o for Sinuses, Pharyngg/o for Pharynx, Laryng/o for Larynx, Epiglott/o for Epiglottis, Trache/o for Trachea, Bronchi/o for Bronchi, and Pulm/o for Lungs.
• The nose allows air to enter the body, then filters debris and warms and moistens the air.
• The size of the nose is different for males and females, with males having a larger nose than females.
• Primary bronchi, also known as the first-order bronchi, are wider, shorter, and more vertical than the secondary bronchi.
• The shape of primary bronchi is tubular.
• The shape of the nose varies and can be triangular, while its location is above the roof of the mouth.
• The location of primary bronchi is R: enters lung at T5, L: enters lung at T6.
• The composition of the nose includes bones, cartilages, and adipose tissues.
• Pneumonia is a type of lung infection that can cause cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.
• Aspiration is the process of inhaling food or liquid into the lungs.
• COVID - 19 is a type of coronavirus that causes respiratory illness.
• Pleural effusion is a condition where fluid accumulates in the pleural space.
• Primary bronchi are composed of cartilages and muscles.
• The function of primary bronchi is to serve as a passageway of air.
• The functions of the nose include allowing air to enter the body, filtering debris, warming and moistening the air, detecting olfactory stimuli, and modifying speech vibrations.
• The carina is the point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi, formed by a posterior and somewhat inferior projection of the last tracheal cartilage.
• The mucous membrane of the carina is one of the most sensitive areas of the entire larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex.
• Secondary bronchi, also known as the lobar bronchi, occur in different numbers in each lung.
• The nasal cavity is located anterior to the skull, inferior to the nasal bones, and superior to the oral cavity, with lateral walls including the ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones, a roof of the ethmoid bone, a floor of the hard palate, an anterior of the nasal vestibule, and a superior of the sphenoid bone.
• The epiglottis prevents materials from entering the airway.
• The space that extends from the entrance into the larynx down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage is called the cavity structure.
• The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds: a superior pair called the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) and an inferior pair called the vocal folds (true vocal cords).
• The thyroid is a protective shield of the anterior area of the larynx.
• The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is 12 cm (5”) long, 2.5cm (1”) diameter, tubular in shape, and located anterior to the esophagus, extending from the larynx to the superior border of T5.
• The submucosa is a layer of areolar connective tissue that contains seromucous glands and their ducts.
• The rima vestibuli is the space between the vestibular folds.
• The trachea is composed of mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia.
• The mucosa is the epithelial layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that provides the same protection against dust as the membrane lining of the nasal cavity and larynx.
• Wrisberg's cartilage is elastic and club-shaped, located anterior to corniculate.
• The laryngeal ventricle is a lateral expansion of the middle portion of the laryngeal cavity.
• The thyrohyoid and infrahyoid muscles are part of the muscular structure (extrinsic structure).
• Tertiary bronchi, also known as the segmental bronchi, further divide into bronchioles.
• The cricoid ring maintains airway patency.
• The ligament structure (intrinsic structure) includes the cricothyroid, cricocorniculate, thyroepiglottic, thyroarytenoid, and arytenoidepiglottic muscles.
• Terminal bronchioles contain Clara cells.