U6: Consequences of Industrialization (Imperialism)1750-1900

• 6.1 EQ: Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750-1900?

  The four main ideas that contributed to the development of imperialism around the world were beliefs in nationalism, desires for economic wealth, religious duties (mainly European), and beliefs that a race was biologically superior (Scientific racism and Social Darwinism).
• British Colonies after U.S:

  • New South Wales (Today's Australia)
  • South Asia (Ceylon, Burma, and the Malay states)
• Italy and Germany were new late 19th century. Both wanted colonies for economic gain and respect from other major countries.
• CHANGE AND CONTINUITY: Spain lost dominant role in second wave of imperialism.
• Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

  • Japan wanted to assert it's nationalism over Korea
  • China was upset because it had exerted power in Korea for centuries
  • Japan won; victory securing control of Korea and Taiwan
• Phrenologists - people who study skull sizes/shapes
• Scientific Racism - attitude of whites towards others based on their physical appearance and assumed biological differences. Used pseudoscience (fake) to justify racism.
• Phrenologists believed that a smaller skull size = smaller brain = less intelligence. Smaller skulls found in people of African, indigenous, and Asian decent. This 'science' was used to justify and promote scientific racism.
• Social Darwinism - taking the idea that only the fittest survive and applying it to society. Used to justify the 'biological superiority' of white people and further imperialism.
• Cultural ideologies included religious and technological superiority as motivators for imperialism
• Cultural influences exerted by colonizers:

  • Architecture
  • Politics
  • Education
  • Religion
  • Recreational activities
• COMPARISON: British Protestant missionaries in the late 18th century were alike older Spanish + Portugese Catholic missionaries; Combined conquests and Evangelism
• David Livingstone - Scottish missionary who worked in Sub-Saharan Africa to end the illegal slave trade
• Critics believed that missionaries supported imperialism for economic gain
• British, French, and Dutch governments signed commercial treaties w/ India, East Africa, and the Indies for the right to establish trading posts and forts.

  European govs. mentioned would grant charters to companies to help them trade with mentioned countries
• East India Company (EIC) - A British trading company that had a monopoly on trade in India 1600 to 1858.

  Participated in the slave trade (1620) and illegally exporting opium into China in exchange for tea (19th century).
• Dutch East India Company (VOC) - A Dutch trading company that had a monopoly on trade between the Cape of Good Hope (S. Africa) and Straits of Magellan (S. America).
• Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) - Empress of China during the industrial revolution and second wave of imperialism. Used to be conservative, but later on became more liberal and understood flaws within the civil service system. Encouraged the Boxers (anti-imperialist group) to kill foreigners during the Boxer Rebellion.
• European nations expanded their presence in Africa with the help of better military technology
• Quinine - medicine that treats malaria. Reduced danger of living in warm and humid regions
• Suez Canal - Located in Egypt, connects Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea . French company managed the making of the artificial waterway, but most labor was performed by corvée laborers.
• Corvée laborers - Egyptian unpaid workers who were forced to work on the Suez Canal as a form of taxation by French powers.
• Steamships - Faster ships that could carry larger amounts of cargo. Allowed European countries to expand their empires further into Asia and Africa.
• West African British Colonies

  • Sierra Leone (1787) - home for freed enslaved people from throughout the British Empire
  • Gambia (1816) - same goals as Sierra Leone
  • Lagos (1861)
  • Ghana (1874-1901) - Acquired in parts. Gold Coast joined first, then Asante Empire in 1900s.
• Britain used diplomacy and military tech. to expand empire in West Africa

  • Britain signed treaty w/ King Jaja of Opobo (area rich in palm oil) for trading terms favorable to both sides
  • Other tribes agreed to similar treaties believing they could protect their sovereignty and trade rights
  • As European competition increased for control of Africa, treaties became meaningless and warfare became inevitable
• Settler Colony - settling down in non-native land w/emphasis on purpose of strengthening Colonial Power
• French in Africa

  • Drove Ottomans out of Algeria in 1830
  • Established trading posts in Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Niger to compete w/ British West African colonies (1870s)
• Scramble for Africa - European powers competing to colonize Africa.
• Berlin Conference (1884-1885) - Hosted by Otto von Bismark, German leader, to keep peace in Europe during the Scramble for Africa.

  • Nobody of African descent was invited
  • European Powers agreed to artificial colonial boundaries & free movement of goods on Africa's major rivers
  • Artificial colonial boundaries divided African societies into different colonies and united longtime rival groups into the same colonies; causing extensive warfare later in 20th century
• CHANGE AND CONTINUITY: British replaced the Dutch in Cape Colony (S. tip of Africa) during Napoleonic Wars.
• Afrikaners - descendants of 17th-centuy Dutch settlers living in Africa.
• Boer Wars (1880-1902) - Conflict between British and Afrikaners over land. Ended w/the British army driving Afrikaners and Africans from their land and forcing them into concentration camps.
• Concentration Camps (Boer Wars) - refugee camps segregated by race (Afrikaners and Africans). Poor conditions. Activists in Britain tried to improve the lives of displaced refugees, but only whites/Afrikaners started to receive better conditions.
• King Leopold II (1865-1909) - King of Belgium. Unlike other Europeans who colonized America, he owned the colony of Congo personally. He used the colony for economic exploitation to keep profits made by the state, which totaled him around one billion dollars.
• In 1908, Belgium took control of the Congo as a regular colony and working conditions improved/got rid of 'slavery' in Congo
• Independent Countries

  • Abyssinia (Ethiopia) - Failed attempt to conquer by Italy (1985)
  • Liberia - Founded by formerly enslaved people from the US; still had a dependent relationship with the US.
• CHANGE AND CONTINUITY: Control over the Indian subcontinent from Mughals to Britain through the encroachment of the EIC on the weak Mughal Empire.
• Sepoys - Indian soldiers recruited to British soldiers who worked with the EIC. Launched an unsuccessful rebellion against the British in 1857.
• Spheres of Influence - European nations split influence over parts of China in which they each had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources.
• COMPARISON: China experienced imperialism differently from other colonized places, as they maintained their own government throughout a period of European economic domination.