Particles

• The basic structure of an atom consists of a small nucleus located in the center, containing some protons and some neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
• Most of the stable visible matter in the universe is made out of these particles, each with separate properties.
• The proton has a charge of +1.6 times Standard Power of -19, the neutron has no charge, and the electron has a charge of -1.6 times Central Power of -19 coulombs.
• The particles electron and positron have some rest energy, typically around 0.511 Mega electron volts.
• The wavelength of a photon, when it has a minimum energy, will be a maximum, which can be referred to as Lambda Max.
• The energy coming out of a particle will have a certain minimum energy, which can be referred to as e minimum.
• The masses of the particles are: the neutron is slightly heavier than the proton, both have a mass of around 1.67 times 10^-27 kg, and the electron has a much lower mass of around 9.11 times 10^-31 kg.
• The specific charge is the ratio of the charge of a particle divided by its mass.
• The ratio of carbon 14 to carbon 12 in our bodies remains constant after an organism dies.
• Physicists can calculate the age of an organism by comparing the percentage of carbon 14 left with isotopic data.
• An example of an alpha decay equation is: Uranium 238 emitting an alpha particle and Decaying to thorium, element 19, which means that the nuclear number is going to be 234.
• The strong nuclear force is responsible for holding the nucleus together.
• Carbon 14 is radioactive and is produced by cosmic rays.
• The specific charge of a particle can be measured in units of coulombs per kilogram, often written as kg to the power of minus one.
• If the size of the nucleus goes beyond three centimeters, a decay particle is likely to be received because the strong nuclear force can only act within this region.
• An exchange particle for any interaction is known as a gauge boson.
• The electromagnetic interaction is carried out by these virtual photons.
• The strong nuclear force holds the nucleus together.
• The electromagnetic force is the force that holds electrons in the atom.
• The energy of a photon is equal to HC over Lambda, where H is Planck's Constant and C is the speed of light.
• The weak nuclear force is responsible for nuclear decay.
• Gravity is a fundamental force that is considerably weaker than the other three interactions and is often ignored in particle physics.
• The minimum energy for pair production is the energy of the photon, which is twice the rest energy of the particles.
• The interaction between two electrons is carried by a particle known as a virtual photon.
• A fundamental force is a force that cannot be broken down into smaller forces.
• Examples of fundamental forces include the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force, the strong nuclear force, and gravity.
• In physics, the relative charge and relative mass are often used in notation, where the proton has a relative charge of +1, the neutron has a relative charge of 0, and the electron has a relative charge of -1.
• The total nucleon number, which is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons, is often denoted as 'a'.
• In quarks, the barrier number and the strangeness are conserved quantum numbers.
• The composition of an anti-particle such as the anti-proton or the anti-neutron should have the same composition but opposite, made out of two anti-downs, one anti-up, resulting in a total charge of zero.
• The strangeness quantum number of a strange quark is -1, while that of an anti-strange quark is +1.
• The decay of a neutron is the standard beta decay in which a neutron turns into a proton, emitting an electron and an anti-electron neutrino.
• During beta minus decay, a down quark in the neutron would have turned into an up quark via the weak nuclear interaction.
• A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark, resulting in a total charge of +1.
• The barrier number of a normal matter quark is +1/3, while that of an antimatter quark is -1/3.
• The elementary charge of a neutron is +2/3 e.
• The total number of protons in the equation increases by one because the proton number increases by one.
• In order to balance the equation, a beta particle, which is an electron with a relative charge of minus one and a nucleon number of zero, is emitted.
• The total number of protons in the equation remains constant because a neutron turns into a proton.
• The mass of an anti-particle is the same as that of the particle, for example, the electron and the positron have a mass of 9.11 times 10 to the power minus 31 kg, and the positron also has a mass of 9.11 times 10 to the power of minus 31 kg.