retrieval failure due to absence of cues

• What is retrieval failure?

  Forgetting due to lack of environmental or mental cues.
• What is the Encoding Specificity Principle?

  Memory is most effective when information present at encoding is also present at retrieval
• What is Context-Dependent Forgetting?

  Forgetting occurs due to missing environmental cues at retrieval
• What is State-Dependent Forgetting?

  Forgetting occurs when an individual's emotional or physical state is different at retrieval
• What was the procedure in the Godden & Baddeley (1975) study?

  18 divers learned and recalled word lists in different environments
• What were the four conditions in the Godden & Baddeley (1975) study?

  Learn on beach, recall on beach; Learn on beach, recall under water; Learn under water, recall on beach; Learn under water, recall under water
• What was the conclusion of the Godden & Baddeley (1975) study?

  Context acted as a cue to recall, participants recalled more words in the same environment
• What was the procedure in the Goodwin et al. (1969) study?

  48 male medical students participated in training and testing sessions on different days
• How were the participants assigned in the Goodwin et al. (1969) study?

  Randomly assigned to four groups: sober on both days, intoxicated on both days, intoxicated on one day and sober on the other
• What were the results of the Goodwin et al. (1969) study?

  More errors were made when participants were sober or intoxicated on different days
• What was the conclusion of the Goodwin et al. (1969) study?

  Supports state-dependent memory theory, best performance when sober or intoxicated on both days
• What is the supporting evidence for context dependent forgetting?

  Godden & Baddeley (1975)
• What is the supporting evidence for state dependent forgetting?

  Goodwin et al. (1969)
• How does context-dependent forgetting have real-life applications?

  Students should revise in a similar environment to the exam.
• What does Baddeley argue about context effects?

  They aren't very strong, as environments in real life are not as different.
• Why is retrieval theory less useful in a real-life context?

  It cannot explain forgetting in real environments.