M1 & M2

• florence nightingale = founder of modern nursing
• emphasize the importance of

  • adequate nutrition
  • sunlight
  • fresh air
  • exercise
  • personal hygiene
• Early 1900 = role of a nurse as teacher in disease prevention in the community was clearly understood 
• For decades = patient teaching has been recognized as an independent nursing function. 
• 1918 = NLNE National League of Nursing Education observed the importance of health teaching as a function within the scope of nursing practice 
• 2 decades later = they recognized nurses as agents for the promotion of health & prevention of illness in all setting. 
• 1950 = NLNE identified course content in nursing school curricula  to prepare nurses to assume the role as teachers 
• 1993 JCAHO = established nursing standards for patient education
• DOPE = Disease Oriented Patient Education
• POPE = Prevention Oriented Patient Education
• HOPE = Health Oriented Patient Education
• 2006 = NLNE developed the 1st certified nurse educator (CNE) exam 
• Mid 1800 = nursing was first acknowledged as a unique discipline, teaching has been recognized as an important role of nurses as caregiver. 
• care of the sick > health promotion > educating nurses for professional practice
• teaching & learning = two interdependent operation
• education process = a systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically based, planned course of action consisting of two interdependent operations
• education process = APIE ; assessment, planning, intervention, evaluation
• nursing process = ADPIE ; assessment diagnosis, planning, intervention, evaluation
• TEACHING = As one component of the educational process, it is a deliberate, intentional act of communicating information to the learner in response to identified learning needs with the objective of producing learning to achieve desired behavioral outcomes 
• learning = A change in the behavior (SKA) that can be observed or measured and that can occur at any time or in any place as a result of exposure to environmental stimuli.
• patient education = a process of assisting people to learn health-related behaviors that can be incorporated into everyday life with the goal of optimal health & independence in self-care. 
• staff education = process of influencing the behavior of nurses by producing changes in their knowledge, attitudes, and skills to help nurses maintain and improve their competencies for the delivery of quality care to the consumer. 
• teaching plan = Overall blueprint or outline for instruction clearly defining the relationship between the essential components of behavioral objectives, instructional content, teaching methods and tools, time frame for teaching, and methods of evaluation that fit together in a logical pattern of flow to achieve a predetermined goal.
• hallmarks of good teaching

  • professional competence
  • interpersonal relationship with students
  • personal characteristics
  • teaching practices
  • evaluation practices
  • availability to students
• effective teaching

  • clarity
  • time on task
  • class time
• principles of good practice

  • ENCOURAGE STUDENT-FACULTY CONTACT
  • ENCOURAGE COOPERATION AMONG STUDENTS
  • ENCOURAGE ACTIVE LEARNING
  • PROMPT FEEDBACK 
  • EMPHASIZE TIME ON TASK 
  • COMMUNICATE HIGH EXPECTATIONS 
  • RESPECT DIVERSE TALENTS & WAYS OF LEARNING 
• barriers to education

  Lack of

  • TIME TO TEACH 
  • COMPETENCE & CONFIDENCE W TEACHING SKILLS 
  • MOTIVATION TO TEACH 
  • FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR EDUC PROGRAMS 
  • AVENUE FOR DOCUMENTATION 
• obstacles in learning

  • LACK OF TIME TO LEARN 
  • HEALTH CONDITION (ACUTE / CHRONIC ILLNESS) 
  • LOW LITERACY 
  • NEGATIVE INFLUENCE OF THE HOSPITAL ENVT 
  • PERSONAL CHARAC OF A LEARNER 
  • EXTENT OF BEHAVIORAL CHANGE 
  • LACK OF SUPPORT & POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT 
  • DENIAL OF LEARNING NEEDS 
  • POOR HEALTHCARE
• learning theory = A coherent framework and set of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn
• defense mechanism = Employed to protect the self when an individual's ego is threatened
• hierarchy of needs = Theory of human motivation based on integrated wholeness of the individual and levels of satisfaction of basic human needs organized by potency 
• respondent conditioning = Also termed Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning. 
• types of learning theories

  • behavioral
  • cognitive
  • psychodynamic
  • humanistic
  • social
• Behaviorism - Learning occurs through observable responses to stimuli.
• Cognitivism - Learning involves mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, problem solving, reasoning, and thinking.
• Psychodynamics - Learning is influenced by unconscious psychological factors.
• Humanism - Learning is shaped by personal experiences and free will.
• Social Learning Theory - Learning can occur through observation and imitation of others' behavior.
• systematic desensitization = conditioning to reduce fear & anxiety
• social learning theory = albert bandura