Ch-5 Bio: Cell

• The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport.
• Mitochondria are double-membraned structures that generate ATP through aerobic respiration.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes used to break down cellular waste products and foreign substances.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes used to break down cellular waste products.
• Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies and packages them and distributes them to different parts of the cell.
• Lysosomes contain acidic hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste materials and recycle components.
• Mitochondria produce ATP, which provides energy for various cell functions.
• The vacuoles are storage compartments in the cell that can store water, nutrients, and waste materials.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the cell's DNA and regulating gene expression.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down cellular waste products.
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened sacs called cisternae that play a role in protein synthesis and modification.
• Endocytosis involves the uptake of large molecules or particles into the cell by engulfment.
• Exocytosis involves the release of materials outside the cell.
• Ribosomes are tiny structures made up of RNA and protein molecules that synthesize proteins according to instructions provided by DNA or mRNA.
• The nucleus is the processing unit of the cell. It is a double membrane-bound organelle which contains the genetic material for inheritance
• The nuclear membrane contains pores that allow the transfer of materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
• The nucleus is the brain of the cell as it controls various functions such as cell division, reproduction, inheritance, etc.
• The nucleus contains genetic material, i.e. chromosomes that contain DNA. DNA carries information for inheritance from parents to offspring.
• Chromosomes are the genetic material present in the nucleus. It contains DNA with associated proteins
• Chromosomes are present as threads called chromatin. During the growth phase of the cell, the chromatin condenses into a much thicker structure called a chromosome.
• The cytoplasm is the fluid found inside the cell. It gives the structure to the cell and houses different organelles of the cell.
• Rough ER is the one that has ribosomes on them. The ribosome is made up of nucleic acids and proteins. The Rough ER is also involved in the modification and folding of proteins.
• Smooth ER does not have ribosomes and thus is not involved in protein synthesis. They are, however, involved in lipid metabolism and detoxifying of poisonous molecules.
• Mitochondria are also called the powerhouse of a cell. They generate ATP via the electron transport chain. They also have a DNA called mtDNA, which makes them a semi-autonomous organelle
• The chloroplast is the plastid where photosynthesis occurs, they contain chlorophyll. They give the plant their green color and are present in leaves
• Leucoplasts store starch, oil and protein granules. They're white in color, present in roots
• Chromoplasts are of red, yellow, orange and brown colors, they are present in flowers and attract insects for polynation
• A vesicle is a small enclosed sac, that may contain vary substances and is specified for transport, it forms the wall of Golgi body