B2: Endocrine system

• The components of the endocrine system include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes, pancreas.
• The functions of relevant components within the endocrine system include the production and secretion of hormones.
• Common hormones and their specificity in relation to target cells/organs include thyroxine, cortisol, oestrogens, testosterone, gastrin, growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
• The mechanism of blood glucose level control involves the interaction of hormones and glands.
• The mechanism of osmoregulation involves the interaction of hormones and glands.
• The mechanism of thermoregulation involves the interaction of hormones and glands.
• The causes of type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes include genetic factors, medical conditions, and lifestyle factors.
• Common treatments for diabetes include insulin injections and pumps for type 1, and lifestyle changes to promote self-care and better health, and metformin medication for type 2 and gestational diabetes.
• the hypothalamus is a structure deep in your brain that acts as your body's Smart Control coordinator and keeps your body in a stable state (homeostasis)
• FSH follicular stimulating hormone = in the anterior lobe, stimulates the maturation of follicles in both ovaries
• Luteinising Hormone LH = in the anterior lobe, causes the release of the egg
• Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ATH = secreted in the anterior lobe, regulates levels of the steroid hormone cortisol which is released by the adrenal glands during stress to increase energy levels
• Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH = anterior, causes the thyroid gland to produce t3 and t4 which helps control the bodies metabolism
• Prolactin = anterior, helps women to produce milk after birth
• Endorphin = anterior, 'happy brain chemicals' transmits electrical signals within the nervous system
• Growth hormone = anterior, controls growth in children
• Antidiuretic hormone ADH = posterior lobe, tells your kidneys how much water to conserve
• Oxytocin = posterior lobe, for libido, uterine contractions and breastfeeding
• • The thyroid is responsible for
  • regulation of the metabolic rate
  • slowing down or speeding up your heart rate
  • raising or lowering your body temp
  • influencing the speed at which food moves through your digestive tract
• Hypothyroidism = under active thyroid gland, isn't producing enough hormones
• Hyperthyroidism = overactive thyroid, produces too much hormones
• Parathyroid glands = four tiny glands, that control the body's calcium levels
• Glucocorticoids = eg. cortisol, helps regulate carbohydrate metabolism
• Mineralocorticoid = helps to regulate the balance of mineral ions
• aldosterone = is a corticosteroid hormone which stimulates absorption of sodium by the kidneys and so regulates water and salt balance
• cortisol = released in response to stress, lowers blood glucose concentration
• • what is the role of adrenalin?
  • increases heart rate
  • dilates pupils
  • increases blood flow to muscles and brain
  • decreases blood flow to the gut and skin
  • increases diameter of bronchioles for increased air flow
  • stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose, increasing blood glucose conc
• Gastrin = produced by G cells and is secreted into the blood circulation, during a meal gastrin stimulates the stomach to release gastric acid
• Primary sexual characteristics = organs and cells that are present at birth but don't develop until puberty
• Secondary sexual characteristics = develop during puberty
• Adrenaline: A hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands in response to fear or stress which increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of blood to the brain and muscles as a part of the ‘fight or flight’ response.
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): A hormone that increases the reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules.
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): ​A female reproductive hormone that causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary.
• Homeostasis: ​The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes.
• Luteinising hormone (LH): ​A female reproductive hormone that stimulates the release of an egg.
• Oestrogen: ​The main female reproductive hormone which causes the uterus lining to grow and repair.
• Testosterone: ​The main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production.
• Testosterone: ​The main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production.
• Type 1 diabetes: ​A disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin which is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels.
• Type 2 diabetes: ​A disorder where the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas.