education

• culture means values,norms and languages and the knowledge of society
• parental encouragement is a factor that may affect how well a student may do in school which children need for support
• Cultural deprivation is the lack of opportunities for people to develop their cultural identity
• Bourdieu believes in cultural capital affecting children attainment
• Diane Reay's study of mothers' involvement in children's primary school found that middle-class mothers better understood how the school system worked and helped their children succeed. working-class parents want there children to do well but don't know how to support them
• material deprivation is a lack of basic needs such as books and computers
• The halo effect is an overall judgement a person might have on another based on appearance or personality
• David Hargreaves an internationalist looked at how teachers labeled and found how teachers made fairly quick judgments on their pupils abilities based on characteristic such as appearance
• Functionalists believe that the education system is fair and most pupils are able to succeed regardless of social class
• self-fulfilling prophecy is when a person conforms to what they're labelled as
• Stephen Ball conducted a study and found that top bands were well-behaved and hardworking whereas bottom bands are poorly behaved and lazy.
• Ethnic minority children underachieve in the UK. For example, language has been a factor in underachievement because English is not the first language for many people especially Indian and Bangladeshi students
• Parental aspirations are linked to education success for example high achievements from Chinese children of all socio-economic classes
• Male subcultures are a reason why particularly boys underachieve and do less; like African-Caribbean boys. Caibbean boys encourage aggressiveness and rebellious attitudes
• Tony Swell argues that peer group pressure is influential among young African Caribbean boys. They lack role-models and form subcultures often from lon-parent families that why they perform less at school
• Institutional Racism found that students face prejudice and racism
• White centered curriculum- the national curriculum teaches about the achievements of white culture and ignores the achievements of other people which promotes low-self esteems also forming detachment and disintrest
• Formal curriculum- sets out subjects we learn at school for example maths and english
• hidden curriculum- consists of messages and ideas you pick up from school which are not taught .theses norms and values passed through
• Functionalist views about hidden curriculum- children are socialized into common norms and values that benefit society.Hidden curriculum helps children learn skills such as obedience and punctuality as it prepares them for the adult world
• Marxist view on hidden curriculum- Bowles and Gintis believe upper classes control education and school train pupils to accept authority
• Feminists' views on Hidden curriculum- gender roles and appropriate behaviour for girls and boys are transmitted through the hidden curriculum it puts forward a patriarchal view of the word were men take position of power
• Functionalist theory of education o serving the needs of society and the economy facilitating social mobility and fostering social cohesion including the work of Durkheim on education as the transmission of norms and values o achieved status and education operating on meritocratic principles, with reference to the work
• Becky Francis- Boys dominate the classroom and generally attract more attention in positive and negative ways from the teachers.They tend to be noiser than girls which leads to more teacher and pupil interaction for them and less for the girls
• Immediate Gratification-the focus of receiving pleasure in the moment rather later.
• Social class is linked to educational achievement because working class parents have lower levels of qualifications so they may not know how to support their child’s learning at home. They also have fewer resources available to them e.g. books, computers etc. This means that middle class children will perform better academically due to having access to these resources and being able to use them effectively.
• The Education Reform Act (1988) introduced league tables which ranked schools based on test results. Schools could then be compared against one another and this led to competition between schools. It was hoped that this would improve standards but some argue that it has increased inequality by putting pressure on schools to exclude students who might bring down their rankings.
• Skelton(Sociologist) said that because of changing norms female teachers have given arise ins schools therefore its easier for the girls to relate and talk to female teachers than boys and its hard for boys who have a type of role-model to look at for
• Meritocracy-is the pay or reward given based on abilities and talent
• Education is important because it provides people with opportunities to get good jobs and earn high salaries. Those without formal education often find themselves stuck in low paid, unskilled work. Additionally, education can lead to greater independence and self-confidence, allowing individuals to make informed decisions about their lives.
• Bourdieu's cultural capital theory states that those with higher social status are likely to pass on their knowledge and skills to their children through language, culture and values. Children from wealthier backgrounds are exposed to a wider range of experiences such as museum visits, theatre trips and foreign holidays. These experiences give them an advantage over other children when it comes to schooling and academic success.
• Income inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income among different groups within society. In many countries, there is a significant gap between the rich and poor, with the top 20% earning much more than the bottom 20%. This can result in poverty, lack of opportunity, and social exclusion.
• Marxists believe that schools use the hidden curriculum to show authority and students have to serve under teachers. Public school such as 'Eton' have a curriculum that prepare pupils to be future leaders and run the country. As a result upper class pupils are more likely to go to university and get better jobs.
• Feminist sociologists argue that gender roles play a major role in shaping educational outcomes. Girls tend to perform better academically than boys due to factors such as parental expectations, teacher attitudes, and societal pressures. Boys may also face barriers to learning, such as bullying and peer pressure, which can negatively impact their performance.
• Cultural deprivation - this is where parents don’t encourage their child to read books or watch TV programmes that will improve their vocabulary and grammar. They might not speak English well so they won’t teach their kids how to write properly either. The child then goes into school lacking basic literacy skills and falls behind compared to others.
• Compressive schools is a type of secondary school that provided education without selective entrance. Equal opportunities based on academic performance. Helps decrease social exclusion
• Girls may be socialized into gender roles by language and communication. Teachers may use language that reinforce stereotypes such as praising boys for being assertive and girls for being nurturing which guides them to societal expectations
• Girls may socialised into dress codes and uniform. Schools can implace societal norms by making girls wear skirts and boys wear trousers. Reinforcing the idea of certain clothes styles suitable for certain genders
• Carolyn Jackson-Found that laddish subcultures is important benefits which makes students popular and cool and a response of the fear of failure
• Fewer boys are less able to be popular and academically successful. Boys who tried hard were labelled as feminine or gay