Exam 1

• Hund's rule states that when electrons fill degenerates orbitals, electrons will fill each orbital half full before pairing up.
• Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that there is a limit to how well we know both the position or the velocity of an electron.
• Pauli Exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers.
• S-sub level has only one orbital and can hold two electrons.
• P-sub level has three orbitals and can hold six electrons.
• D-sub level has five orbitals and can hold 10 electrons.
• F-sub level has seven orbitals and can hold 14 electrons.
• The Aufbau principle states that the systematic pattern for filling up the electron configuration, from low energy to high energy, for an electron.
• Coulomb’s law states that for like charges, potential energy is positive and it decreases as the particles get farther apart.
• For opposite charges, potential energy is negative and it gets more negative as particles get closer together.
• The magnitude of the interaction between charged particles increases with charge.
• What is light?

  light is electromagnetic radiation
• what’s does the n quantum number represent?

  the principle quantum number
• What does the L represent?

  the angular momentum quantum number
• What does ml quantum number represent?

  the magnetic quantum number
• What does the Ms quantum number represent ?

  The spin quantum number
• what does the principle quantum number determine?

  It determines the overall size and energy of the orbital
• What does the angular momentum quantum number determine?

  It determines the shape of the orbital
• What does the magnetic quantum number specifies?

  It specifies the orientation of the orbital in space
• What is the basic unit of EMR?

  Photons
• Name all 7 categories of the EMR spectrum

  1)ratio waves

  2) microwaves

  3)infrared

  4)visible light

  5)UV

  6)x-rays

  7)gamma rays
• What is a valence electron?

  an electron in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond
• Chemical properties are largely determined by what?

  By the number of their valence electrons
• Where does Atomic radius increas?

  from down and left
• Effective nuclear charge(ENC) in an atom is the same as…?

  the number of valence electrons
• Does adding electrons in the D orbital change the size of the atom?

  No
• What does it mean for an atom to be paramagnetic?

  It means that the paramagnetic species are attracted to a magnetic field
• What does it mean for an atom to be diamagnetic?

  It means the diamagnetic species is not attracted, but slightly repelled by a magnetic field.
• What contributes to the size of an atom?

  The outer shell electron.
• Why do cations become smaller than their atoms?

  Because they are losing electrons in the outer shell.
• Why do anions become larger than their atoms?

  they gain electrons in the outer shell.
• Define Ionization energy.


  the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion, and it’s gaseous state.
• define electron affinity.

  The energy required to add an electron from an atom or ion in it’s gaseous state
• Why are valence electrons more important in bonding then core electron?

  Because valence electrons are held more loosely to the nucleus, they can be transferred or shared more readily.
• Metallic characters follows trends, similar to a First station energies which are?


  The easier it is to remove electron, the more metallic character and as ionization energy increases metallic characteristics decrease. It’s more metallic if it’s down and left.
• What is the equation for the speed of light

  $C=$$λ ν$
• What does 1 electron equal in coulombs?

  1.6 x 10^-19 C
• What’s the mass of 1 electron?

  9.11× 10^-31 kilograms
• What’s the equation to find the amount of kinetic energy in an emitted electro?

  KE = 1/2 * mv^2,

  where KE is the kinetic energy, m is the mass of the electron, and v is the velocity of the electron.

  or

  KE = Ep - Φ
• What’s the equation of Coulomb’s law?

  $(1/4 π εo)(q1q2/r), εo=$$8.85 x 10^-12$