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• Ahmad ibn Tulun's hospital provided free care for anyone who needed it, based on the Muslim tradition of caring for all who are sick.
• The first hospital was founded in 872 in Cairo by Ahmad ibn Tulun.
• Around the year 1000, Ibn al-Haitham proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off of them and entering the eye, dismissing Euclid and Ptolemy's theories that light was emitted from the eye itself.
• Still operating almost 1,200 years later, Hassani hopes the center will remind people that learning is at the core of the Islamic tradition and that the story of the al-Firhi sisters will inspire young Muslim women around the world today.
• Using a twig from the Meswak tree, he cleaned his teeth and freshened his breath.
• Substances similar to Meswak are used in modern toothpaste.
• Light came through the hole and projected an inverted image of the objects outside the room on the sheet opposite.
• Ibn al-Haitham called this the “qamara”.
• Firnas, a Spanish nobleman, flew upward for a few moments, before falling to the ground and partially breaking his back.
• The Prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in around 600.
• In 859, a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the first degree-granting university in Fez, Morocco.
• He rejected the Greek idea that an invisible light emitting from the eye caused sight, and instead rightly stated that vision was caused by light reflecting off an object and entering the eye.
• The Arabic alphabet for these notes is Dal, Ra, Mim, Fa, Sad, Lam, Sin.
• Firnas' designs would undoubtedly have been an inspiration for famed Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci's hundreds of years later.
• They also named the notes of a musical scale with syllables instead of letters, called solmization.
• Her sister Miriam founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University.
• The word algebra comes from the title of a Persian mathematician's famous 9th century treatise "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which translates roughly as "The Book of Reasoning and Balancing."
• Ibn al-Haitham also discovered the camera obscura phenomenon, which explains how the eye sees images upright due to the connection between the optic nerve and the brain.
• These artists, al-Kindi in particular, used musical notation: the system of writing down music.
• By using a dark room with a pinhole on one side and a white sheet on the other, he provided the evidence for his theory.
• Ibn al-Haitham revolutionized optics, taking the subject from one being discussed philosophically to an actual science based on experiments.
• The same mathematician, Al-Khwarizmi, was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power.
• The world’s first camera obscura was created by Ibn al-Haitham.
• Zahrawi also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.
• The rapid expansion of Islam initially brought this empire together.
• In the 9th century, Abbas Ibn Firnas designed a winged apparatus, roughly resembling a bird costume.
• The Arab world of the seventh to the thirteenth centuries was a great cosmopolitan civilization.
• The Arabian culture developed in Arabia, a peninsula situated between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, in southwestern Asia.
• Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years.
• Islam provided the dynamism, but it was the Arabic language, which provided the bond that held it together.
• Coffee was first brewed in Yemen around the 9th century.
• Due to its arid climate, Arabia is a desert where agriculture is only possible in some coastal locations and inner oases.
• By the 13th century, coffee reached Turkey, but not until the 16th century did the beans start boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.
• Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person to make a real attempt to construct a flying machine and fly.
• Among his many inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving catgut to stitch wounds -- beforehand a second surgery had to be performed to remove sutures.