maternal and child

• Cardiovascular Disorder is a condition that includes cardiomyopathy and is responsible for 26% of all pregnancy-related deaths, and is prone to cardiovascular disease.
• Rheumatic Heart Disease is the most common heart disease, usually congenital heart disease prior to delivery, and happens because the genes of the Mother and Father are not compatible.
• Pregnancy stresses the cardiovascular system, often worsening heart disease, and increases Cardiac Output by 30% to 80% usually at 28 to 34 weeks of gestation.
• Gestation hypertension is defined as high blood pressure during pregnancy with no additional symptoms.
• Pre-eclampsia is defined as high blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy.
• Risk factors for pregnancy include obesity, personal history of cardiac disorders such as myocarditis, use of certain medicines, smoking, alcoholism, multiple pregnancies, old age, pre-eclampsia, African American descent, and poor nourishment.
• Gestation hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia are different stages of pregnancy-related hypertension.
• Eclampsia is defined as all of the symptoms of pre-eclampsia, plus convulsions.
• Pregnancy is common in 30-year-olds.
• During labor, cardiac output increases about 20% each uterine contractions.
• Class 1: Uncompromised, ordinary physical activity causes no discomfort, with no symptoms of cardiac insufficiency and no anginal pain.
• Class 2: Slightly compromised, ordinary physical activity causes excessive fatigue, palpitations, and dyspnea or anginal pain.
• Class 3: Markedly compromised, during less-than-ordinary activity, patients experience excessive fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or anginal pain.
• Class 4: Severely compromised, the patient is unable to carry out any physical activity without experiencing discomfort, even at rest, symptoms of cardiac insufficiency or anginal pain are present.
• Normal within semesters of pregnancy: 1st semester - Increased BP with adjustments, 110-120/80, 110/70.
• 2nd semester - Normal Range of BP.
• 3rd semester - Normal Range of BP.
• Pregnancy amplifies the murmurs of mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis but diminishes those of mitral and aortic regurgitation.
• Cardiovascular Disorder if not within normal range.
• Systolic murmurs are a strong heart sound that can be heard, often with a murmur.
• Atrial Fibrillation is common in pregnancy with mitral stenosis.
• For aortic stenosis, surgical correction before pregnancy is often recommended for severe disorders.
• Tachycardia is an increase in heart rate above 100 beats per minute.
• Mild Cardiomegaly, typically seen on a chest X-ray, is typically caused by normal pregnancy or heart disease.
• Mild mitral or aortic regurgitation is usually easy to tolerate during pregnancy, but stenosis is more difficult to tolerate and predisposes to maternal and fetal complications.
• Jugular Venous Distention is a big vein in the neck (central line) and is a sign of heart failure.
• Systolic murmurs are caused by the contraction of the atrium (lub) and are followed by diastolic murmurs, which are caused by the relaxation of the ventricle (dub).
• Dependent Edema, also known as Pedal Edema, is only found in the lower extremities.
• Diastolic or Pre-systolic murmurs are more specific for Heart Disease.
• Mitral Stenosis is the most common valvular disorder during pregnancy.
• Mitral stenosis is dangerous, with the tachycardia, increased BV, and increased Cardiac Output during pregnancy interacting with this disorder to rapidly increase Pulmonary Capillary Pressure, causing Pulmonary Edema.
• Treatment for mitral stenosis includes prevention of tachycardia, treatment of pulmonary edema and atrial fibrillation, and sometimes valvotomy (removal).
• Endocarditis is the inflammation of the Endocardium, part of the muscle.
• Valvular Stenosis and Insufficiency in Pregnancy refer to the narrowing of the valves in the heart, specifically the Tricuspid and Bicuspid/Mitral Valve, Pulmonary and Aortic Valve.
• Prophylactic Antibiotics are required in certain situations, such as Endocarditis Prophylaxis.
• Signs and symptoms of heart disease in pregnancy include mild dyspnea, normal RR: 12-20, PR: 60-100.
• Peripartum Cardiomyopathy is a form of dilated cardiomyopathy that occurs right after the delivery.
• Cardiomyopathy occurs when there is damage to the heart, causing the heart muscle to become weak and not pump well.
• Peripartum Cardiomyopathy can
• Peripartum Cardiomyopathy causes weakness of the heart muscle, sometimes during the final month of pregnancy, and occurs right after the delivery.