Anatomy

• Pathophysiology 


  The study of how a disease, injury, or other condition affects a patient, including both the physical and functional changes that occur.
• Pathology

  Physiology


  two major disciplines of pathophysiology
• Pathology


  the study of the causes and effects of injuries and diseases.
• Physiology


   the study of the human body’s systems and various functions, such as breathing and digestion.
• Etiology

  Pathogenesis

  Clinical manifestations

  Treatment implications


  4 interrelated components of Pathophysiology
• Etiology


  The study of the causes of diseases and other health conditions
• Pathogenesis


  The process or manner in which a health condition develops
• Clinical manifestations


  The visible or detectable signs and symptoms of a health condition
• Treatment implications


  The implication that a particular treatment may prove beneficial when considering pathogenesis, etiology, and potential clinical consequences
• Infection


  defined as the instance in which a bacterium or virus invades the body.
• incubation

  prodromal

  illness

  decline

  convalescence


  five stages of infection
• incubation


  The period occurring between initial exposure and the onset of symptoms. During this time, bacterial particles replicate.
• prodromal


   Bacterial particles continue to replicate, and infected individuals are at risk of transmitting their infection. The prodromal period occurs after incubation but before the main symptoms of infection occur.
• illness


  During the illness phase, the infected will begin to exhibit characteristic symptoms of their infection. Symptoms may include anything from fever and fatigue to vomiting and stomach pain, depending on the type of infection.
• decline


  The stage in which the immune system creates a defense, resulting in a decline in symptoms. However, the virus is still transmissible, and secondary infections are still possible.
• convalescence


  finals stage of infection. the individual returns to feeling normal, and their symptoms fully diminish
• inflammation


   can be caused by a wide variety of diseases, infections, and injuries.
• acute inflammation


  short-term, subsiding when the body has successfully healed or defended itself from infection.
• chronic inflammation


  long-term and is usually caused by chronic illnesses such as arthritis, asthma, and eczema.
• Pain

  heat

  redness

  swelling

  loss of function


  five main signs of inflammation
• pain


  can be experienced in both acute and chronic cases of inflammation. It is caused by nerve-ending stimulation via inflammatory chemicals in the muscles or joints.
• heat


  Due to higher than normal blood flow to affected areas, individuals experiencing inflammation may feel warmth in their muscles or joints.
• redness


  Inflammation is characterized by redness of the skin, which is caused by the blood vessels in affected areas opening wider than normal.
• swelling


   Inflammation causes fluid to accumulate in affected areas, resulting in expanding skin or joints.
• loss of function


  An inflamed joint, for instance, may cause a lack of mobility.
• bacteria


  single-celled organisms that are associated with numerous health risks
• listeria

  norovirus

  tuberculosis


  most dangerous varieties of bacteria
• lag

  exponential growth

  stationary

  decline


  4 phases of bacterial growth
• lag


  Lasting for approximately one hour, the lag phase consists of bacteria increasing in volume and synthesizing DNA in preparation for cell reproduction.
• exponential growth


  Cells of bacteria divide by binary fission, which causes the cell count to grow exponentially.
• stationary


  Environmental changes and lack of nutrients cause bacterial growth to significantly slow down or stop completely. Eventually, the number of dying cells will offset the number of new cells being created.
• decline


  the phase in which the number of bacteria cells dying exceeds the number of new cells being created.
• virus


   an infectious microbe that invades and replicates within a living cell, resulting in a compromised host body.
• influenza

  HIV

  COVID-19


  most common viruses
• attachment

  penetration

  uncoating

  gene expression and replication

  assembly

  release


  six stages of virus growth
• attachment


  viral particles make first contact with host cells by latching onto them
• penetration


  Viral particles penetrate the cytoplasm via direct fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, or receptor-mediated endocytosis; penetration methods vary by virus.
• uncoating


  the virus sheds its protein shell, known as a capsid.
• capsid


  protein shell
• gene expression and replication


  With its capsid no longer present, the viral genome is used.