CHAPTER 9

• DR. CHRISTINE TANNER introduced "thinking like a nurse".
• CRITICAL THINKING an international higher-level reasoning process.
• CRITICAL REASONING is a cognitive process that uses thinking strategies.
• ALFARO-LEFEVRE 4 circle critical thinking model provides a visual presentation of critical thinking abilities.
• CREATIVITY is thinking that results in the development of new ideas and products.
• CRITICAL ANALYSIS is the application of a set of questions to a particular situation or idea to determine essential information to discard unimportant ideas.
• SOCRATIC QUESTIONING is a technique one can use to look beneath the surface, recognize and examine multiple points of view, and differentiate the known from beliefs.
• INDUCTIVE REASONING generalization formed from a set of facts or observations.
• DEDUCTIVE REASONING reasoning from general premise to specific conclusion.
• FACTS can be verified through investigations.
• INFERENCES conclusions drawn from the facts; going beyond facts to make a statement about something not currently known.
• JUDGEMENTS evaluation of facts or information that reflects values or other criteria; a type of opinion.
• OPINIONS beliefs formed over time.
• NURSING PROCESS is a systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care.
• PROBLEM SOLVING is a mental activity in which a problem is identified that represents an unsteady state.
• TRIAL AND ERROR a number of approaches sre tried until a solution is found.
• INTUITION approach that relies on a nurse inner sense.
• CLINICAL JUDGEMENT is a decision-making process to ascertain the right nursing action to be implemented at the appropriate time in the client's care.
• EXPERIENCE is important in improving intuition.
• RESEARCH PROCESS is a formalized, logical, systematic approach to problem-solving.
• INDEPENDENCE is an individuals think for themselves.
• FAIR MINDEDNESS are fair-minded and make impartial judgments.
• INSIGHT INTO EGOCENTRICITY are open to the possibility that their personal biases or social pressures and customs could unduly affect their thinking.
• INTELLECTUAL HUMILITY means having an awareness of the limits of one's own knowledge.
• INTEGRITY applying the same rigorous standards of proof to their own knowledge and beliefs as they apply to knowledge and beliefs of others.
• PERSEVERANCE is a determination in finding effective solutions to client and nursing problems.
• CONFIDENCE is believing that well-reasoning thinking will lead to trustworthy conclusions.
• CURIOSITY is being unafraid to examine traditions to be sure they are still valid.
• COGNITIVE PROCESSES are thinking processes based on knowledge of aspects of client care.
• METACOGNITIVE PROCESSES is reflective thinking and awareness of skills learned by the nurse in caring for the client.
• SETTING PRIORITIES needs to be dynamic and flexible.
• DEVELOPING RATIONALES - justifying the clinical plan and explaining the "why" of priority setting and subsequent interventions.
• LEARNING HOW TO ACT - how and when to respond in a clinical situation.
• CLINICAL REASONING IN TRANSITION - the ability to recognize subtle changes in client's condition over time.
• RESPONDING TO CHANGES IN THE CLIENT'S CONDITION - the nurse will notice changes in priorities, adjust care, and alert the primary care provider when appropriate.
• REFLECTION - The nurse identifies factors that improved client care and those that required changing or elimination.
• DECISION MAKING PROCESS - prioritizing care when providing care to many clients.
• CONCEPT MAPPING is a technique that uses a graphic depiction of connections and is also known as mind mapping .