energy stores and transfers

• Different types of energy include sound, thermal, chemical, nuclear, electrical, light, kinetic, and potential energy.
• Energy can be converted between different forms, and examples of energy transfers in various objects include mobile phones, kitchen mixers, and catapults.
• There are three types of heat energy transfer to learn: conduction, convection, and radiation.
• The specific heat equation is E = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change.
• Advantages of nuclear power: Generates a large amount of energy and is a reliable source.
• Disadvantages of nuclear power: Non-renewable, produces radioactive waste that needs to be stored carefully, and has high decommissioning costs.
• Conduction is the transfer of heat without the substance itself moving, and good conductors have close particles and free electrons.
• Convection is the heat transfer which occurs in liquids and gases, and convection currents can be set up due to temperature differences.
• Real-life examples of energy transfers and insulators include adding a metal spoon to tea, placing a lid on the tea, and investigating energy from objects.
• Non-renewable energy sources like coal, natural gas, and oil are running out and are not replaceable, while renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal are unreliable.
• Energy transfers occur in hydroelectric power stations where water gains gravitational potential energy, falls over the dam, gains kinetic energy, and is transferred into electrical energy.
• Nuclear power has potential but has disadvantages like radioactive waste, high decommissioning costs, and high startup costs.
• Equation linking gravitational field strength, GPE, height, and mass: GPE = mass x gravitational field strength x height
• Equation for kinetic energy: kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity^2
• Changing shape is a property of forces.
• Work done on a spring is a property of forces.
• Transverse and longitudinal waves are types of waves.
• Forces can be calculated as vectors.
• Moments, levers, and gears are related to forces.
• Waves in air, fluids, and solids are related to forces.
• Scalars and vectors are types of forces.
• Weight, mass, and gravity are types of forces.
• Contact and non-contact forces are different types of forces.
• Defining the system gives you a starting point and a stopping point for the energy transfers you need to consider.
• Energy is transferred from the thermal store of the kettle to the thermal store of the water, with some energy dissipated to the surroundings.
• The relevant energy transfer is from the thermal store of the kettle to the thermal store of the water, with some energy dissipated to the surroundings.
• Energy transfers can be traced back to an electric kettle heating water.
• Energy transfers can be traced back to how the electricity was generated in the first place.
• For a closed system, the total amount of energy is constant.
• An isolated system does not allow the transfer of matter or energy to or from its surroundings.
• Energy is measured in units of joules (J).
• There are many different energy stores that objects can have, these are shown in the table below:
• Energy is transferred from the hot coffee to the mug to the cold hands.
• A system can be open, closed or isolated.
• When there is a change in a system, things happen, and when things happen energy is transferred.
• An open system allows the exchange of energy and matter to or from its surroundings.
• When a system is in equilibrium, nothing changes and so nothing happens.
• When a change happens within a system, energy is transferred between objects or between stores.
• When a battery powers a torch, energy is transferred from the chemical store of the cells of the battery to the thermal store of the bulb.
• Energy is stored in objects.