Lecture 1-thermo

• Stems from the Greek words therme which means heat and dynamis which means force


  Thermodynamics
• Deals with relations among heat, work, and properties of system which are in equilibrium

  THERMODYNAMICS
• This law throws light on the concept of internal energy

  FIRST LAW
• This lawd deals with thermal equilibrium and establishes a concept of temperature.


  ZEROTH LAW
• This law indicates the limit converting heat into work and introduces the principle of increase in entropy.

  SECOND LAW
• This law defines the absolute zero of entropy.

  THIRD LAW
• In 1650, he built and designed the world's first vacuum pump, in order to disprove Aristotle's long held supposition that nature abhors a vacuum.


  OTTO VON GUIRECKE
• In 1656, upon learning Guericke's design, in coordination with Robert Hooke, he built an air pump and noticed correlation between pressure, temperature and volume 


  ROBERT BOYLE
• In 1679, he built a bone digester, which was a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confined steam until a high pressure was generated.


  DENIS PAPIN
• In 1697, he built the first engine, followed by Thomas Newcomen in 1712


  THOMAS SAVERY
• In 1824, they believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France with the Napoleonic wars

  NICOLAS LEONARD AND SADI CARNOT
• In 1824, he was known as the father of thermodynamics, published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, a discourse on heat, power, and engine efficiency.


  SADI CARNOT
• In 1849, he coined the term thermodynamics to designate science of relations between heat and power.


  James Joule
• In what year does the first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged simultaneously primarily out of the works of William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, and William Thomson.


  1850
• In 1854, he was the first to give a concise definition of the subject l, who stated that "Thermodynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency "

  WILLIAM THOMSON
• In 1860, this concerned with the statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior.

  STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS
• In 1873, this concerned with the nature of the role of entropy in the process of chemical reaction.


  CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
• In this approach, the structure of matter is not considered.

  MACROSCOPIC APPROACH (CLASSICAL)
• In this approach, a few variables are used to describe the state of matter under consideration.

  MACROSCOPIC
• In this approach, the values of these variables are measurable following the available techniques of experimental physics.


  MACROSCOPIC
• In this approach, knowledge of the molecular structure of matter under consideration is essential.

  MICROSCOPIC
• In this approach, a large number of variables are needed for complete specification of the state of matter

  MICROSCOPIC
• This defines quantitatively a physical entity, which can be observed and/or measured


  DIMENSIONS
• The quantitative magnitude of a dimension is expressed by a ______.

  UNIT
• This dimension express a physical entity.

  PRIMARY DIMENSIONS
• This dimension involve a combination of primary dimensions.

  SECONDARY DIMENSIONS.
• The length equal to 1, 650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum.

  Unit of length (meter)
• This unit is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram which is a particular cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy.

  UNITS OF MASS (KILOGRAM)
• This unit has duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cesium-133 atom.


  UNIT OF TIME (SECOND)
• This unit has the constant current that, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, would produce a force equal to 2x 10^-7 Newton per meter length.

  UNIT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT (AMPERE)
• THis unit has the fraction of 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature  of the triple point of water.


  UNIT OF THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE (KELVIN)
• In this unit, the amount of substance of a system that contains many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of Carbon 12.

  UNIT OF AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE (MOLE)
• In this unit , in the perpendicular direction of a surface of 1/600,000 m^2 of a blackbody at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101, 325 Newton/m^2

  UNIT OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY (CANDELA)
• These are the three measures of amount or size which are in common use

  MASS, NUMBER OF MOLES, AND TOTAL VOLUME
• This represents the size of a system, is defined quantity given as the product of three lengths. it may be divided by the mass or number of moles of the system to yield specific or molar volume.

  TOTAL VOLUME
• This is defined as the reciprocal of molar volume.

  SPECIFIC OR MOLAR DENSITY
• THIS IS THE DEGREE OF HOTNESS OR COLDNESS OF A BODY ORR CONTROL VOLUME.

  TEMPERATURE
• This measure of average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules.

  TEMPERATURE
• This is use for calibration of scientific and industrial instruments

  INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990
• This is an example of a standard instrument which is used for temperatures from 13.8 K to 1234.93K.

  PLATINUM-RESISTANCE THERMOMETER