integrated (2)

• Integrated Circuit (IC), also called microelectronic circuit, microchip, or chip, an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices (e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices (e.g., capacitors and resistors) and their interconnections are built up on a thin substrate of semiconductor material (typically silicon)
• This chip is what makes the entire circuit. It is quite small in comparison to the basic circuit, it is made of different components and approximately the size of a human fingernail. At present, the most common integrated circuits used are the monolithic chips.
• Integrated circuits have their origin in the invention of the transistor in 1947 by William B. Shockley and his team (including John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) at the American Telephone and Telegraph Company’s Bell Laboratories
• In 1958, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, Inc., and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation independently thought of a way to reduce circuit size further. They laid very thin paths of metal (usually aluminum or copper) directly on the same piece of material as their devices. These small paths acted as wires. With this technique an entire circuit could be “integrated” on a single piece of solid material and an integrated circuit (IC) thus created.
• Ground (GND)This pin is connected to the ground of the circuit .
• TRIGGER ( TRIG )- This pin is used to trigger the timer when the voltage on this pin falls below one-third of the supply voltage .
• DISCHARGE (DISCH)This pin is connected to an external capacitor that is discharged when the output is low.
• Supply voltage (VCC) This pin is connected to the positive supply voltage of the circuit
• THROUGH-HOLE MOUNT PACKAGES - They are designed in a way that the lead pins are stuck through one side of the board and soldered on the other. They are bigger in size as compared to the other kind. These are majorly used in electronic equipment to compensate for The board space and cost limitations.
• DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT- These are IC chips that work only at a few levels that are specifically defined instead of working on all signal amplitude levels. The Digital Integrated circuits are specially designed using several digital logic flip flops, multiplexers, gates and other electrical elements of circuits. The logic gates operate with digital input and binary input data like 0 and 1.
• The Digital Integrated ICs are widely used in microprocessors, computers, computer networks, frequency counters and digital signal processors. In this category, you can find other sub-categories like programmable ICs, logic OCs, memory chips, interface ICs and power management integrated circuits.
• An IC can function as an amplifier , oscillator , timer , counter , logic gate , computer memory , micro controller or microprocessor. An IC is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices
• Analog Integrated Circuit - These ICs work over a constant signal range and are subdivided into RFICs or Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits and Linear ICs. The relation between the current and the voltage might be non-linear in the majority of the cases over long signal ranges. The most frequently utilized analogue integrated circuits are the operational amplifiers or op-amp, which are quite the same as differential amplifiers. These come with high voltage gain and fewer transistors in comparison to the digital integrated circuits.
• MIXED SIGNAL- As is suggested by the name, these circuits are a blend of digital and analogue integrated circuits on one single chip. These integrated circuits work as both analogue to digital converters, digital to analogue converters and timing/clock ICs. Mixed ICs are the result of major advancements made in the field of integration technology. It is a large-scale technological that has helped in integrating multiple analogues, RF and digital functions on one single chip.
• The other general varieties of integrated circuits are as follows: ○ Logic circuits - are made using the logic gates working with binary output and input. ○ Comparators - are used for comparing inputs and producing outputs based on the comparisons. ○ Switching integrated circuits - designed using transistors. These are used for switch operations. ○ Audio amplifiers - are used for audio amplification. These are found in televisions and speakers. ○ Operational amplifiers - are ideal for audio amplification. ○ Timer ICs - used for calculating time in different applications
• Integrated circuits are very important in embedded systems design as they helped revolutionize and improve how electronic circuits are used. Before the IC was used, components like transistors and resistors were wired together on a circuit board. But, with the introduction of the IC, these components are now formed on a smaller, singular chip.
• Today, integrated circuits are frequently used in electronics design, it can also be used for a variety of purposes including amplifiers, video processors, computer memory, switches, and microprocessors