aircraft ppl operations

• The pilot-in-command is responsible for the safe operation of the aircraft.
• Civil aviation has been the fastest growing and most technically innovative mode of transport from the first attempts at powered manned flight to regular space flight.
• The first schedule international air service started in 1919.
• The first international conference on civil aviation also took place in 1919 in Paris.
• The field of air travel has been subjected to far more international legislation and agreements than any other.
• The overriding need in civil aviation is for higher and higher safety standards.
• The degree of international cooperation in civil aviation safety is outstanding and shows that where there is a genuine desire to achieve international agreement it's forthcoming.
• The second world war had a major effect upon technical development of the aircraft telescoping a quarter of a century of normal peacetime development into six years.
• A vast network of passenger and freight carriage was set up during the war but there were many problems to which solutions had to be found to benefit and support a world at peace.
• The question of commercial rights in international civil aviation was addressed at the chicago conference resulting in contracting states agreeing bilaterally to grant each other certain rights regarding the commercial exploitation of civil aviation these rights are now known as the freedoms of the air.
• The air traffic services unit will establish contact with the intercept control unit, maintaining two-way communications with the intercepting aircraft and providing it with available information concerning the aircraft.
• The air traffic services unit will take all necessary steps in close coordination with the intercept control unit to ensure the safety of the intercepted aircraft.
• If it is not possible to establish two-way communications with the intercepted aircraft, the air traffic services unit will inform the pilot of the intercepted aircraft of the interception.
• Under international law, the imposition of customs tariffs and the prohibition of the importation of prescribed items is allowed in order to allow contracting states to maintain national customs and excise regulations.
• The air traffic services unit will relay messages between the intercepting aircraft or the intercept control unit and the intercepted aircraft as necessary.
• As soon as an air traffic services unit learns that an aircraft is being intercepted in its area of responsibility, it will take the following steps: attempt to establish two-way communication with the intercepted aircraft on any available frequency, including the emergency frequency of 121.5 megahertz, unless such communication already exists.
• If it is not possible to establish two-way communications with the unidentified aircraft, attempts should be made to establish communications with air traffic control units in adjacent flight information regions to obtain information from other aircraft in the area.
• The air traffic services unit will inform air traffic services units serving adjacent flight information regions if it appears that the aircraft has strayed from such adjacent flight information regions.
• Unidentified aircraft attempts should be made to establish two-way communications to determine if the aircraft is under the control of other air traffic control units in the flight information region.
• International flights are required to make the first point of landing in a contracting state at a recognized international airport which provides customs health and immigration facilities.
• Within the European Union, the removal of restrictions to free trade allows flights from one European Union state to another to make the first point of landing at a non-customs aerodrome providing certain rules are observed.
• Flights into the United Kingdom from another European Union state meet few formalities and are not required to land at a designated customs airport.
• If it's intended to carry any non-European Union nationals into the United Kingdom, the immigration service must be notified in advance.
• A passport is not acceptable as proof of identity and passports and visas where required must also be carried.
• Under article 16 of the Chicago Convention, the authorities of each state shall have the right to search the aircraft of other states on landing or departure without unreason.
• If an aircraft is expected at an aerodrome, the commander must inform the authorities at the aerodrome as soon as possible.
• Aircraft must conform to the traffic pattern formed by other aircraft intending to land at that aerodrome or keep clear of the traffic pattern.
• Powered aircraft must give way to aircraft which are towing.
• Regardless of any air traffic control unit clearance, it is the duty of the commander of an aircraft to take all possible measures to ensure that he does not collide with any other aircraft.
• Flights may be conducted under VFR or IFR subject to rule 21 and as conditions allow in controlled airspace in IMc and at night.
• To create a danger of collision, aircraft must not fly in formation unless the commanders have agreed to do so.
• Power driven flying machines must give way to airships, gliders and balloons.
• An aircraft with right-of-way shall maintain its course and speed.
• Airships must give way to gliders and balloons.
• An aircraft flying inside of the ground and following a road, railway, canal, coast or other line feature must keep that feature on its left unless instructed to do otherwise by air traffic control.
• An aircraft which is obliged to give way to another aircraft must avoid passing over, under or crossing a head unless well clear of it.
• The minima for class F airspace are the same as for class G but pilots are advised to avoid advisory routes or areas unless participating in the advisory service.
• VFR flight is not permitted in class A airspace, although gliders may cross certain airways by day providing they have eight kilometers visibility and are clear of cloud by 1500 meters horizontally and 1000 feet vertically.
• A congested area in relation to a city, town or settlement means any area which is substantially used for residential, industrial, commercial or recreational purposes.
• Flight in class A airspace must be conducted under instrument flight rules IFR and the pilot in command must hold an instrument rating.