MCAT

• What is Ki?

  the concentration of the inhibtor @ which the reaction rate is half the maximum reaction rate
• What is Hill's coefficient?

  the nature of binding by the molecule,
• Hill's coefficient >1

  positively cooperative binding is occuring
• Hill's coefficient <1?

  negative cooperative binding is occuring
• Hill's coffecient =1?


  enzyme does not exhibit cooperative binding
• What is the formula for Gibb's free energy?

  deltaG= deltaH- T x deltaS

  G= free energy

  H= enthalpy

  T= temperature
• What is the outcome when both ∆H (enthalpy) and ∆S (entropy) are postive?

  spontaneous at high temperature
• If ∆G less than 0?

  spontaneous
• If ∆G greater than zero?

  nonspontaneous
• If ∆G equals 0?

  system in equilibrium
• What is the outcome when ∆H is positive and ∆S is negative?


  nonspontaneous at any T
• What is the outcome when ∆H is negative and ∆S is positive?

  nonspontaneous @ all T˚
• What is the outcome when ∆H is negative and ∆S is negative?

  spontaneous at low T˚
• Acid-base equilibria?


  As the pH is raised, most acidic deprotonates first
• What is the formula for pressure?

  P=F/A, where F= force and A= area
• What is the formula for current?

  I=Q/T, where Q= charge in coulombs, t= time (s)
• What is the formula for voltage?

  V=IR, where I= current and R= resistance
• What is the formula for resistance?

  R= V/I
• What is the formula for current?

  I= V/R
• What is the formula for charge in parallel plates?

  q= CV, where C=capacitance in farads (uƒ), V= voltage
• What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?


  prepare the body for "fight or flight"
• What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  conserves energy, reduces heart rate, constricts bronchi, stimulates peristalsis and secretion?
• As adrenaline increases?

  blood pressure and urine production also increases
• What is myoglobin?

  substance that holds oxygen in the muscles and organs
• Where are HR, muscle coordination, and appetite controlled in the brain?

  brainstem, cerebellum, and hypothalamus
• Where is pain originated and perceived?

  neurons located in the CNS
• Characteristics of eukaryotes?

  protists, fungi, anmials, plants

  -membrane bound organelles

  -linear DNA

  -produce ATP via ATP synthase via electron transport chain
• Characteristics of prokaryotes?

  bacteria, archaea

  -circular DNA

  -plasma membrane + cell wall

  -no membrane-bound organelles
• Functions of mammalian skin?

  sensation, protection from disease, protection against internal injury
• Functions of liver?

  absorption of fats in small intestine, production of bile, detoxification of poisons
• What are 2 factors determining blood pressure?


  Cardiac output: stroke volume x HR

  Resistance to blood flow: determined by small arteries, arterioles & precapillary sphincters