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• Toxicology is the science of poison, the study of the adverse effects of chemicals and physical agents on living organisms, and the study of the adverse effects of "xenobiotics" on living systems, and interaction of exogenous agents with mammalian physiologic compartments.
• Exogenous agents, also known as "medical toxicology", is an area of professional emphasis in the realm of medical science that is concerned with the disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances, and is concerned with topic effects whose intent is to treat or ameliorate disease.
• Poison is defined as any agent which may cause serious body injury, disease or death when applied, introduced into, or developed within the body.
• Toxicity is the intrinsic ability of an agent to harm a living organism, and an adverse health effect associated with a change, reduction or loss of a vital function.
• Factors of toxicity include dose or amount, individual human factor, duration, genetic factor, route of exposure, and shape and structure of chemical.
• Intoxication is toxicity associated with any substance.
• Poisoning is a clinical toxicity secondary to accidental exposure.
• Overdose is an intentional exposure with the intent of causing self-injury or death.
• Hazard is the likelihood that injury will occur in a given situation or setting, something that can potentially cause harm.
• Descriptive toxicology is concerned with the toxic effects of poisons, providing information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements.
• Occupational toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of the agents or chemicals encountered in the occupation or working area.
• Forensic toxicology is a hybrid of analytical chemistry and fundamental toxicologic principles that is primarily concerned with the medico-legal aspects of the harmful effects of poisons on humans and animals.
• Clinical toxicology, also known as medical toxicology, is an area of professional emphasis in the realm of medical science that is concerned with the disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances.
• Mechanistic toxicology is the study of how a poison causes toxicity, involving the identification and understanding of the mechanisms by which poisons exert toxic effects on living organisms.
• Environmental toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemical pollutants in the environment, including their effects on flora and fauna, and is also known as ecotoxicology.
• Regulatory toxicology involves decision-making, based on the information provided by the descriptive and mechanistic toxicology, whether a chemical poses a sufficiently low risk and safe dose to be marketed for its purpose.
• Experimental toxicology involves the observation of the toxic effects of substances by applying to biologicals or living organisms, and makes use of measures like lethal dose 50, lethal concentration 50, threshold limit concentration, and threshold limit value.
• Symptomatic evidence is based on the actual signs and symptoms during the intoxication.
• Irreversible effects are if a chemical produces a pathologic injury to the CNS, it is largely irreversible since differentiated cells of the CNS cannot divide and be replaced.
• Developmental toxicology is the study of the adverse effects on the developing organism that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents before conception, during prenatal development, or postnatally until the time of puberty.
• Immediate toxicological effects can be defined as those that occur or develop rapidly after a single administration of a substance.
• Risk is the expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent, and is calculated as risk = hazard + exposure.
• Local effects are effects seen at the site of contact.
• Experimental evidence comes from biological assays done using animal subjects and noting the effects like the signs and symptoms.
• Remote effects are effects produced in an area other than the site of administration.
• Systemic effects occur when the poison is absorbed and distributed from its entry point to a distant site where the deleterious effects are produced.
• Teratology is a branch of developmental toxicology that studies the occurrence of adverse effects on the embryo or fetus that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents.
• Delayed effects are those that occur after the lapse of some time.
• Reversible effects are if a chemical produces a pathological injury to a tissue such as liver which has the ability to regenerate, these injuries are reversible.
• Carcinogenic and teratogenic preservatives are examples of poisons.
• Chemical evidence is obtained after performing clinical analysis, making use of reagents or chemicals to identify and confirm the presence of the poison.
• Toxins are poisons that are naturally produced, such as Zootoxins, Phytotoxins and Microbial Toxins.
• Toxics are poisons that are produced artificially, they are by-products of anthropogenic activities.
• Ulrich Ellenbog warned about the toxicity of mercury and lead from goldsmithing.
• Aerosol, Muriatic acid, Oil spills, Nerve gases, Methyl Carbamate, Acetone, Rugby, Arsenic, Polonium are all signs and symptoms associated with various substances.
• Circumstantial evidence of poisoning is obtained from events or circumstances during the poisoning.
• Dioclesides made the first attempt at classifying poisons in his book “De Materia Medica”.
• Sternutators are poisons that cause severe sneezing.
• Maimonides, Moses ben Maimon, wrote a treatise on the treatment of poisonings from insects, snakes and mad dogs.
• Irritants are poisons that cause irritation to the contact area, usually manifested as rashes or swelling.