PHYSCI

• CHEMISTRY 


  deals with the study of Matter

  -composition, structure, properties transformations energy involved
• Matter


  anything that has a mass and takes up a space
• all matter is composed of elements
• ELEMENT


  is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances- for example: oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C).

  -each element has a set of properties that distinguish it from other elements.
• ATOM


  the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element.
• Every atom in an element has an equal number of protons and electrons, and is electrically balanced, or neutral
• Every atom has energy, or the ability to do work
• This energy (called chemical energy), comes from electrons in the atom
• Substances made from elements are compounds. A chemical formula shows the kinds and proportions of atoms in a compound. Ex: NaCl stands for sodium chloride (salt) from sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl

  Compounds
• Are the smallest units of a compound that still have the properties of that compound. (in H2O, the ratio of H and O is 2:1, so the formula is H2O)

  Molecules
• Formation of Light Elements

  Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
• States that the universe developed 13.7 billion years ago from a very small, extremely dense, and hot state that expanded rapidly

  Big Bang Theory
• Universe itself started at a “singularity”, not static, expands “into itself ”Very firmly established theory (mid 20th). only existing theory that explains the data

  Big Bang Theory
• BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS


  Process that creates new atomic nucleus from preexisting

  nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons.
• NUCLEAR FUSION

  • is a process in which a nucleus either

  combines with another nucleus
• Through nuclear fusion, the light elements-hydrogen (H), helium (He), and small amounts of lithium (Li) and beryllium (Be)-were formed
• Formation of HEAVEIER Elements:

  Stellar Nucleosynthesis and Supernova Nucleosynthesis
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis


  Process by which elements are created within stars by combining together the protons and neutrons from the nuclei of lighter elements.
• Supernova Nucleosynthesis


  -Responsible for the creation of rarer elements heavier than iron and nickel.

  -violent explosion released a huge amount of nuclear

  energy and produced other elements heavier than Fe.

  • it is the death of the star and the birth of something

  new.
• anything that occupies SPACE and has MASS.


  MATTER
• Deals with the study of MATTER.


  CHEMISTRY
• substances that CAN’T BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES.


  ELEMENTS
• SMALLEST particle of an element


  ATOM
• SUBATOMIC PARTICLES:

  -          NEUTRON = ZERO charge

  -          PROTON = POSITIVE charge

  -          ELECTRON = NEGATIVE charge
• a theory that states that the universe was developed 13.7 billion years ago from a very small, dense and hot state called SINGULARITY which started to collapse and expands.


  BIGBANG THEORY
• a process which CREATES NEW ATOMIC NUCLEUS from preexisting nucleons.


  BIGBANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
• Light elements formed in big bang nucleosynthesis: HYDROGEN, HELIUM, and some LITHIUM AND BERYLLIUM
• a process of COMBINING TWO NUCLEUSES to produce new element.


  NUCLEAR FUSION
• a process occurring WITHIN THE STAR by which LIGHTER ELEMENTS are fused together to create another element.


  STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
• responsible for creating RARER ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON AND NICKEL.


  SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYSNTHESIS
• LESSON 1

  FORMATION OF ELEMENTS
• LESSON 2:

  ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• called the small pieces of matter as “ATOMOS” which means INDIVISIBLE.


  LEUCIPUS AND DEMOCRITUS
• affirmed that there are four elements FIRE, WATER, EARTH and WIND.


  ARISTOTLE
• proposed the MODERN ATOMIC THEORY.


  JOHN DALTON
• modern atomic theory = YES

  1. All matter is composed of atoms.
• modern atomic theory = YES

  2. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions.
• 3. Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element.

  YES
• 4. Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element.

  YES
• formulated the PLUM PUDDING MODEL of the atom where he believed that the ELECTRON particles are like plums in a POSITIVELY CHARGE PUDDING.

  JOSEPH JOHN THOMPSON/J. J.  THOMPSON