Electrolytes

• Magnesium Mg+ Range - 1.8-3.0 mg/dL
• Phosphorus P- 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
• Potassium K+ - 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
• Calcium Ca+ - 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
• Chloride Cl- - 98-106 mEq/L
• Sodium Na+ - 135-145 mEq/L
• Na Functions - Blood Volume, Blood pressure, pH
• Na Hypernatremia Manifestations- Edema swollen body, flused skin, increased muscle tone, nausea & vomiting
• Hypernatremia (Na) causes - Low ADH, Diabetes Insipidus, rapid respirations, watery diarrhea, loss of thirst
• Hyponatremia Manifestations - B: Cerebral Edema, headache, mental status changes, seizures & coma M: muscle Fatigue and Cramps R: Respiratory arrest
• Hyponatremia Causes: Sweating, Excess water intake, SIADH, Diuretics, Diarrhea, low diet in salt, low aldosterone
• Potassium K Functions - Heart
• Hyperkalemia Manifestations - H: Peaked T waves, Cardiac Arrest, Hypotension, bradycardia N: Increased DTR, paralysis, tingling, muscle weakness GI: Diarrhea, Hyperactive bowel sounds
• Hyperkalemia Causes: Renal Failure, Low Aldosterone
• Aldosterone - Add Sodium, Losses Potassium
• Hypokalemia Manifestations: H: Flat T Waves, N: Decreased DTR, muscle cramping & flacid GI: Hypoactive bowel sounds, Constipation, Paralysis Ileum
• Hypokalemia Causes: Fluid loss
• Chloride Functions: Blood volume, blood pressure, pH balance
• hyperchloremia manifestations: swollen dry tongue, metabolic alkalosis
• hypochloremia: fatigue and muscle cramps, fever
• Magnesium Functions: Mellows the Muscle
• Hypermagnesium manifestations: H: Hypotension, Bradycardia M: Hyporeflexia, decreased DTR Lungs: depressed respirations GI: hypoactive bowel movements
• hypermagnesium causes: renal failure, alcoholism, malnourishment
• hypomagnesium manifestations: Tourdes de Pointes, Increased DTR, hyperreflexia, GI: Hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea
• hypomagnesium causes: Crohns Disease, Celiac Disease
• Calcium Functions: Keeps bone strong, blood clotting, beats heart
• HyperCalcemia Manisfestations: Renal Calculi, Kidney Stones, moans & groans, Constipation, bone pain, severe muscle weakness & lethargy
• HyperCalcemia causes: High PTH, Cancer, Immobility
• HypoCalcemia manifestations: Trousseau's Sign (arm twerking when placing bp cuff), Tetany: muscle spams all over, Chvostke's Sign (cheeky smile), Weak B's: Weak bones, weak blood clotting, weak beats: cardiac dysrhythmias
• HypoCalcemia Causes: Low PTH, renal failure (CKD, chronic kidney disease)
• Phosphate inverse relationship with Ca: Ca increase - Ph Decrease, Ca decrease - Ph Increase
• hyperphosphatemia manifestations: trousseaus & tetany, chvosteks, weak B's : weak bones, weak blood clotting, weak beats
• hyperphosphatemia causes: Renal failure, CKD (chronic kidney disease)
• hypophosphetemia manifestations: kidney stones, moans & groans (renal calculi), constipation, bone pain, severe muscle weakness & lethargy
• hypophosphetemia causes: High PTH, genetics, cancer