Nueroanatomy exam 1

• Molecular Level 


  sub-cellular structures like proteins, ions, or lipids.
• Cellular level


  Level of study that looks at how cells function individually,
• System Level


  focus on systems like groups of neurons or glia. Somatosensory, motor, or autonomic system
• Regional level

  anatomically defined areas and divisions (example midbrain)
• Cognitive level

  processes mediating emotions, thinking, learning, morality and attention
• Rostral/cranial

  located closer to the head
• Caudal

  located towards the feet or tail
• Anterior/Ventral

  towards the front of the body
• Posterior/dorsal

  towards the back
• Medial

  closer to the midline
• Lateral

  away from the midline
• transverse

  cuts across the body dividing it into superior and inferior parts
• Coronal

  divides the boy into dorsal and ventral portions
• Sagittal

  divides the body into right and left portions
• Midsagittal

  a sagittal place that goes though the body's midline
• PNS

  made up of nerves and neurons located outside the CNS
• CNS

  part that is encased in the bony structures of the cranium and vertebral column
• the brain stem consists of (from most superior to inferior)

  Midbrain, pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata
• cells that are able to produce cells identical to themselves

  stem cells
• capable of forming any type of cell in the human body

  totipotent
• communicating cells of the nervous system

  neurons
• polarized

  meaning that the different ends of a neuron are specialized to perform certain functions
• receiving end of the neuron

  dendrites
• sending end of the neuron

  axon
• the three types of cytoskeletal elements

  microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
• smallest type of cytoskeletal

  microfilaments
• composed of polymerized filaments of the protein actin

  microfilaments
• maintaining structures and in transporting cellular components with the cooperation of myosins

  microfilaments
• maintain structure

  intermediate filaments
• largest cytoskeletal element

  microtubules
• spiral shaped polymers of the dimeric protein, tubulin

  Microtubles
• found in the shafts of axons and dendrites

  microtubules
• functions both in maintaining structure and in the transport of cellular components

  Microtubules
• are directional

  microtubules
• is microtubule has a + end

  tubulin monomers are preferentially added during polymerization
• if the microtubule has a - end

  tubulin monomers are preferentially removed during depolymerization
• transport towards the processes tip

  anterograde transport
• anterograde transport is mediated by

  kinesins
• retrograde transport is mediated by

  dynein
• transport towards the soma

  retrograde transport