week 12

• Language

  Nicaragua's kids have made up their own language with out any formal teaching (sign language)
• Social brain hypothesis

  human brain has evolved, humans can maintain larger ingroups
• adjancy pair

  2 people sharing/understanding statements than have not verbally been said (inferencing and understanding base off of what was said)
• Common ground

  shared set of info that speaker and listener both have
• assumed or taken for granted?

  common ground information
• audience design

  constructing utterances to best fit the audiences' knowledge
• utterences?

  statements, verbal unit, word
• content of conversations?

  most are about ourselves and others (60-70% of topics of conversations)
• how many in a conversation?

  four or fewer (90% of the time)
• Theory of mind

  human capacity to understand other's minds (collection of concepts and processes)
• Agency/agent

  moving object that can act on its own
• indicators of an agent?

  self-propelled, has eyes, reacts to others
• goals


  agent have goal that we need to recognize; we need to notice an agent that is pursuing a goal over contexts)
• What are goals directed to?

  normally towards specific objects
• Intention

  some goal-directed behaviours can be unintentional.
• Where are beliefs important

  intention part of theory of mind; agent must believe that an action will lead to desired outcome
• Imitation

  will watch what others do and act the same way
• minicry/synchrony

  copying others' behaviour, happens normally without being aware you are doing it (synchrony)
• automatic empathy?

  imitation/mimicry extends to emotions and we can subtly imitate emotional behaviours and even FEEL them
• lexicon

  level of language being spoken (words used, expressions made)
• syntax

  grammatical rules for arranging words and how they are expressed together
• accent

  Unawarely copying someone's accent if it is different to your own
• speech rate

  slowing down or speeding up how you talk with someone
• joint attention

  when two people are both attending to the same object and are aware that they both are
• visual perspective taking

  something else relative to someone else's perspective (saying "book is to your right" to someone else to tell where the book is at)
• projection/simulation

  trying to play someone else's mental state. Projection = when we assume that someone knows or feels the same things you do
• mental state inference

  truly taking another person's perspective
• situation models

  mental representation of an even, object or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description (PRIMING)
• priming?

  situation models
• adaptive converstions?

  talking about self or others in social group since it situates us in our social world (tells what the right things to do are, enemies and allies, etc.)
• ingroup

  group of people you belong to
• outgroup

  people of a group you do not belong to
• levels of description

  action verb = word that describe movement subject of sentence is doing

  state verb = word that explains the state of something that is most likely not gonna change

  Adjective = word that describes the noun

  Noun = person, place, thing
• Particularity?

  action verb and state verb
• permanency

  adjective and noun
• linguistic intergroup bias

  people tend to characterize positive things about their ingroup with more abstract expressions and negative things about their outgroup with more abstract expressions
• conventionalized

  how information changes/spreads through networks (influenced by schemas, biases, common ground)
• schemas

  representation of what happens
• Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

  language that people use determines their thoughts
• social-brain hypothesis

  the human brain has evolved so we can maintain larger ingroups