READING AND WRITING

• MODES OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT:

  (Causal analysis, Description, Narration, Definition)


  Modes: techniques
• Paragraph development is formulation of controlling idea
• CAUSAL ANALYSIS: cause and affect of particular event
• Cause- what prompted something to happen


  Effect- what was yielded after something else took place
• Causal Analysis deals with study of relationship between two happenings
• Causal Analysis answers "why" and "how"
• CAUSAL ANALYSIS INCLUDES:

  INFORMATIVE- it explains

  PERSUASIVE- convince readers

  SPECULATIVE- suggesting


  KEYWORDS- clue that causal is used in writing

  PROBLEM- cause

  SOLUTION- effect
• Causal Chain

  • multiple sets of cause and effect
  • analyzing causes of your decision
• READING- process of looking at series of writing
• • In reading, we use our eyes to receive symbols
  • We use our brains to convert them into words
  • cognitive- process brain to take in and process information
• WRITING

  • process of using symbols in readable forms
  • medium of communication
• DESCRIPTION- representation of something or someone in words
• OBJECTIVE

  • factual
  • specific

  SUBJECTIVE

  • evoke more emotions
  • own opinion
  • more flowery
• NARRATION

  -storytelling

  -creating words based on the writer's imagination

  -sequence of events
• Narration includes

  • VIVID DESCRIPTION OF DETAILS
  • CONSISTENT POINT OF VIEW
  • CONSISTENT VERB-TENSE
  • WELL-DEFINED POINT OR SIGNIFICANCE
• Vivid description of Details

  -how details of the story are told

  -description appealing to fives senses


  CONSISTENT POV

  -theme should be clear
• CONSISTENT VERB TENSE

  • for readers to determine whether they happened already
  • past, current, future

  WELL DEFINED POINT OR SIGNIFICANCE

  • theme should be clear
• NARRATIVE DEVICES

  • techniques to add flavor to the meaning of their story
• Narrative devices include anecdotes, which are used as an introduction and are written from the writer's memory.
• A flashback is an event that happened in the past

  -which involves quickly looking at something that happened already -used to explain a point made by the writer.
• Time stretch is a device that makes the story longer by focusing on a single event in a story.
• Time summary is a device that is shorter than time stretch.
• FLASHFORWARD

  -an event that has yet to happen

  -quickly looking at something that will happen in the future


  DIALOGUE

  -conversation of characters in story
• DEFINITION

  -understanding essence of a word
• DEFINITION 2 IMPORTANT TYPES:

  DENOTATION- literal definition of a word

  -primary

  -meaning of the word in a dictionary

  -use of dictionary


  CONOTATION- secondary meaning of a word

  -own definition

  -word based on personal experience

  -not based on dictionary
• TECHNIQUES IN DEFINITION ESSAYS

  Analysis

  -process of breaking down concept into constituent parts

  Collocation

  -words or expressions that are usually almost associated with the concept you are trying to define

  -a predictable combination of words


  COMPARISON

  -associating word you are trying to define with something else

  -comparing like similes and metaphor

  CONTRAST

  -how 2 similar concepts are different from each other
• TECHNIQUES IN DEFINITION ESSAYS

  ETYMOLOGY

  -history of a word

  -evolution of a word

  -how it has came to be


  EXEMPLIFICATION AND ILLUSTRATION

  -defines something by giving examples

  -focusing on examples to elaborate concept you are trying to define
• TECHNIQUES IN DEFINITION ESSAYS

  EXTENDED DEFINITION

  -personal interpretation of the author to an abstract

  -goes beyond denotation and connotation

  FUNCTION

  -answers the question: what is it used for?

  -what a word or concept means to know the purpose

  NEGATION

  -used to define a word or concept by explaining what is not

  -refusal or denial of something

  SYNONYMS

  -single words or phrases that share almost the same meaning with concept you are trying to define
• TECHNIQUES IN DEFINITION ESSAYS

  SLANG

  -characterized by informality

  -street talk

  -colloquial language
• Coherence and Cohesion

  Both should be present in your text because having one without the other will still create confusion for readers
• Organization


  Makes a text readable and its message clear
• Physical Format


  An aspect of organization that is immediately apparent to the reader, seen in how the text physically appears like headings, subheadings, bullet points, or font emphasis
• Techniques for Text Organization

  1. Physical Formats

  2. Signal Words

  3. Structure
• Properties of a well-written text include Unity/Organization, Coherence and Cohesion
• Signal Words


  • Example: Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club greatly influenced me...
• Structure


  Provides the framework upon which the text is organized, consisting of Beginning, Middle, and End sections
• Signal Words


  Textual cues that readers can use to follow a text, signaling transitions, ordering of events and concepts, or the writer's chosen text type
• Properties of a Well-Written Text

  • Organization
  • Coherence and Cohesion
  • Language Use
  • Mechanics
• Organization

  Ideas are well-developed when there is a clear statement of purpose, position, facts, examples, specific details, definitions, explanation, justifications, or opposing viewpoints
• Properties of a well-written text also include Language Use and Mechanics