NURSING THEORIES & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820 – 1910)

  • Considered the first nursing theorist and earned the title “Nursing with a Lamp”
  • Environmental Theory
  • Five environmental factors
  • Deficiencies in these five factors produce a lack of health or illness
  • Stressed the importance of keeping the client warm, maintaining a noise-free environment, attending to the client’s diet
• FIVE (5) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE)

  1. Pure/fresh air
  2. Pure water
  3. Efficient drainage
  4. Cleanliness
  5. Light (direct sunlight)
• VIRGINIA HENDERSON

  • The Nature of Nursing Model (14 Fundamental Needs)
  • Conceptualizes the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting the 14 Fundamental Needs
• 14 Fundamental Needs (VIRGINIA HENDERSON)

  1. Breathing normally
  2. Eating and drinking adequately
  3. Eliminating body wastes
  4. Moving and maintaining a desirable position
  5. Sleeping and resting
  6. Selecting suitable clothes
  7. Maintaining body temperature
  8. Keeping the body clean and well-groomed
  9. Avoiding dangers and injuring others
  10. Communicating with others
  11. Worshipping according to one’s faith
  12. Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishments
  13. Participating in various recreation
  14. Learning, discovering, or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health
• FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH

  • Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing Model
  • Identifies 21 nursing problems
  • Defines nursing as a service to individuals and families
  • Conceptualizes nursing as an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, and cope with their needs
• DOROTHY E. JOHNSON

  Behavioral System Model
• SEVEN (7) SUBSYSTEMS OF BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM (DOROTHY E. JOHNSON)

  1. Injective
  2. Eliminative
  3. Affiliative
  4. Aggressive
  5. Dependence
  6. Achievement
  7. Sexual & Role identity
• IMOGENE KING

  • Goal Attainment Theory
  • Viewed nursing as an interaction process between patient and nurse that leads to goal attainment
• THREE (3) INTERACTING SYSTEMS OF GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY (IMOGENE KING)

  1. Operational system (individuals)
  2. Interpersonal system (nurse-patient)
  3. Social system (health care system)
• MADELEINE LEININGER

  • Transcultural Nursing Model (Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory)
  • Emphasizes that human caring, although universal, varies among cultures in its expressions, process, and patterns; it is largely culturally derived
• THREE (3) INTERVENTION MODES OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING MODEL (MADELEINE LEININGER)

  1. Culture care preservation and maintenance
  2. Culture care accommodation, negotiation ,or both
  3. Culture care restructuring and re-patterning
• MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE

  • Four Conservation Principles
  • Proposed principles which are concerned with the unity and integrity of the individuals
• FOUR (4) CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES (MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE)

  1. Conservation of energy
  2. Conservation of structural integrity
  3. Conservation of personal integrity
  4. Conservation of social integrity
• BETTY NEUMAN

  • Health Care System Model
  • Asserted that nursing is unique profession in that is concerned with all the variables affecting the individuals response to stress, which are intrapersonal stressors (within the individual), interpersonal (occurs between individuals ) and extra personal (outside the person) in the nature
  • Nursing interventions focus on retaining or maintaining system stability
• DOROTHEA OREM

  • Self-care and Self-care deficit Nursing Theory
  • Defines self-care as performing activities independently by individual throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being
• THREE (3) TYPES OF NURSING SYSTEM IN SELF-CARE & SELF-CARE DEFICIT NURSING THEORY (DOROTHEA OREM)

  1. Wholly Compensatory- for individuals who are unable to control and monitor their environment and process information
  2. Partly Compensatory- designed for individuals who are unable to perform some, but not all self-care activities
  3. Supportive-Educative- for clients who need to learn to perform self-care measures and need assistance to do so
• HILDEGARD PEPLAU

  • Psychodynamic (interpersonal relations) Model
  • Use of therapeutic relationship between nurse and the client
• 4 PHASES OF PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL (HILDEGARD PEPLAU)

  1. Orientation
  2. Identification
  3. Exploitation
  4. Resolution
• MARTHA ROGERS

  • Science of Unitary Human Being
  • Views the person as an irreducible whole, the whole being is greater than the sum of its parts
• UNITARY MAN (MARTHA ROGERS)

  1. Is an irreducible, four-dimensional energy field by pattern
  2. Manifests characteristics different from the sum of the parts
  3. Interacts continuously and creatively with the environment
  4. Behaves as a totality
  5. As a sentient being, participates creatively in change
• SISTER CALLISTA ROY

  • Adaptation Model
  • Defines adaptation as the process and outcome whereby the thinking and feeling person uses conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration
  • Goal of the model is to enhance life processes through adaptation in four adaptive modes
• 4 MODES IN ADAPTATION MODEL (SISTER CALLISTA ROY)

  1. Physiologic Mode
  2. Self-concept mode
  3. Role-function mode
  4. Interdependence mode
• LYDIA HALL

  • Care, Core, and Cure Model
  • CARE - nurturance and is exclusive to nursing
  • CORE - involves the therapeutic use of self and emphasizes the use of reflection
  • CURE - focuses on nursing related to the physician’s orders
• IDA JEAN ORLANDO (1961)

  • The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship Model
  • Nurses provide direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid , or to alleviate distress or helplessness
• 3 ELEMENTS OF NURSING SITUATION IN THE DYNAMIC NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP MODEL (IDA JEAN ORLANDO)

  1. Client behavior
  2. Nurse reaction
  3. Nurse action
• JEAN WATSON (1979)

  • Human Caring Theory
  • Practice of caring is central to nursing: it is the unifying focus for practice
• 1/2 of 10 CURATIVE FACTORS IN HUMAN CARING THEORY (JEAN WATSON)

  1. Formation of Humanistic- altruistic system of values
  2. Instillation of faith and hope
  3. Cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others
  4. Development of helping – trusting relationship
  5. Promoting and accepting the expression of positive and negative feelings
• 2/2 of 10 CURATIVE FACTORS IN HUMAN CARING THEORY (JEAN WATSON)

  6. Systematically using the scientific problem-solving method for decision-making

  7. Promoting transpersonal teaching-learning

  8. Provision of a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal and spiritual environment

  9. Assisting with gratification of human needs

  10. Allowance for existential-phenomenological - spiritual forces
• ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE (Human Becoming Theory)

  Proposed 3 assumptions about human becoming:

  1. Human becoming is freely choosing personal meaning in situations in the inter-subjective process of relating value priorities
  2. Human becoming is co-creating rhythmic patterns or relating in mutual process with the universe
  3. Human becoming is contrascending multidimensional with the emerging possibilities emphasizes how individuals choose and bear responsibility for patterns of personal health