Plants Elements and Hormones

• Magnesium is a cofactor in the activation of ATPase and is involved in chlorophyll synthesis.
• Nitrogen is essential for general plant growth of roots, stem, leaf, flowers, and fruits, and is involved in chlorophyll synthesis.
• Nickel is involved in endosperm development and dehydrogenase activity, urease activation for urea breakdown, and root nodule growth.
• Manganese is involved in photodestruction of chlorophyll and chloroplast structure, and is an enzyme activator.
• Auxin is a plant hormone with an antagonistic effect on disease susceptibility and resistance, and stimulates cell elongation from wall-loosening factors, such as elastin.
• Cytokinin is a long-distance signal for nitrogen assimilation, seed development, and regulation of stem-cell related genes.
• Phosphorus is an element that plays a crucial role in energy transferring processes for photosynthesis and respiration, and is a structural component of phospholipids, nucleic acids, coenzymes, and nucleotides.
• Salicylic Acid is a plant hormone that activates defense response from biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens, establishes systemic acquired resistance, and inhibits seed germination.
• Brassinosteroids are structurally related to animal steroid hormones for growth, development, and physiological responses, and regulate plant defense from pathogens.
• Jasmonic Acid is a plant hormone that defends from necrotrophic pathogens and herbivore insects such as caterpillar, beetles, leafhoppers and spider mites, and is involved in diverse plant processes such as tendril coiling, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, tuber formation, and stomatal opening.
• Potassium is a crucial element for cell extension and stomatal regulation, and is involved in enzyme activation (kinase, starch synthase, and nitrate reductase).
• Zinc is an element with enzymatic function and reactivity, stem elongation, and protein and starch synthesis.
• Abscisic Acid is a plant hormone that regulates lateral root inhibition, nutrient starvation stress, and is involved in various other plant processes.
• Sulfur is involved in the assimilation of oxidation-reduction reactions and participates in various enzymatic processes.
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen are major constituent of organic plant material and are involved in the assimilation of oxidation-reduction reactions.
• Boron is involved in cell walls synthesis, enzymatic reactions and metabolic pathways, and mitotic activity for root development.
• Calcium is a structural component of the cell wall and cell membrane and acts as a counter-ion in the vacuole.
• Chlorine is involved in the water splitting system for photosystem II and stomatal opening regulation.
• Copper is a co-factor for metalloproteins and enzymes, involved in photosynthetic electron transport, cell wall metabolism and hormone signaling, and oxidative stress response.
• Iron is a regulatory component of proteins and metabolites in roots and leaves.
• Molybdenum is an element for enzyme activation; chlorophyll synthesis