STS

• Isaac Newton: Father of Modern Physics, known for his work in classical mechanics, universal law of gravitation, three laws of motion, and contributions to optics.
• The intellectual revolution started in the 16th century in Europe.
• Charles Darwin: Father of Modern Biology, known for his work on evolution, including the book "The Origin of Species" and his observations on the Galapagos Islands.
• Copernicus practiced medicine without a medical degree.
• Nicolaus Copernicus: Father of Modern Astronomy, proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system.
• The period of enlightenment transformed the view of society about nature.
• Paradigm shift: A change from one way of thinking to another.
• Copernicus' heliocentric model was judged heretic by the Roman Catholic Church and banned for the rest of the 16th century.
• Thomas Kuhn: "Paradigm shift is not a threat to science but contributes to its progress."
• Copernicus died of a cerebral hemorrhage on May 24, 1543.
• Married Marie-Ann Pierre Paulze who assisted in his scientific endeavors
• Charles Darwin
• He requested a lethal dose of morphine from his physician and chose to end his own life
• Father of Psychoanalysis
• Wrote extensively, "The Descent of Man" and "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals."
• Pro/con list, married Emma Wedgwood, his cousin (had 10 children).
• Formulated the Law of Conservation of Mass: matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
• Waited 20 years before publishing the theory of evolution.
• Combustible material contains particles called phlogiston, an "immaterial" particle released in burning.
• Contracted a parasitic illness called Chagas disease that eventually killed him through a cardiac arrest on April 19, 1882.
• Born in 1856 (Czech Republic)
• Disproved the phlogiston theory.
• An organism has the ability to adapt to its environment through natural selection and gradually change into something more competitive to survive (evolution).
• Founder of Psychoanalysis
• Born the same day as Lincoln.
• Survival of the fittest, Herbert Spencer.
• Proposed the structural model of the mind: ID, EGO, and SUPEREG
• Co-published the theory of natural selection with Alfred Russel Wallace.
• Co-authored the first modern chemical textbook, "Elementary Treatise on Chemistry."
• Discovered and named the elements: Oxygen and Hydrogen.
• Died in 1939 of Jaw Cancer in London
• Laid to rest at Westminster Abbey.
• Worked on standardizing chemical nomenclature, laying the foundation for the system still in use.
• Born in Paris in 1743.
• Studied law
• Appeared in the 10-pound note for 18 years.
• Father of Modern Chemistry.
• Dropped out of medical school.
• Ate exotic animals.
• Guillotined in May 1794 after the French Revolution