Rws

• Non-Critical Thinking

  -Happens when you simply accept the things you are told without examining them.

  -It also happens when you construct thoughts based purely on emotions.

  -Jumping to conclusions without proof or evidence is also an example of non-critical thinking.
• Critical Thinking

  -Involves a series of complex thought processes which allow you to make reasoned judgments, assess the way you think, and solve problems effectively.
• Levels of Thinking

  -In 1956, Benjamin Bloom an American educational psychologist published Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain.

  -It is a system that classifies the levels of thinking important for learning.

  -Created to promote higher levels of thinking, it is composed of six levels which follow a successive pattern.
• low levels of thinking are

  • Applying
  • understanding
  • remembering

  high levels of thinking

  • Creating
  • Evaluating
  • Analyzing
• Answering the question requires you to recall the information you just read. This is remembering; it involves the retrieval, recognition, and recalling of information.

  Remember by asking questions whose answers require definition, memorization, or the statement of information
• To answer this question, you have to draw your own interpretaton based on what vou read.

  This is called understanding.

  It refers to the construction of meaning from verbal and nonversal messages.

  Understand by asking questions whose

  answers recure ciscussion. descrioton. paraphrasing, or explanation.
• You have to draw on the knowledge you learned to use it on the situation: this iS applying. Applying refers to the use and implementation of knowledge in various situations

  Apply knowledge by asking questons whose answers recuire demonstraton.

  solution, or the use of information.
• In answering, you have to examine the causes and make inferences based on them. This is called analyzing; it focuses on breaking down ideas into parts and relating these parts to one another.

  Analyze by asking questions whose answers require comparison, integration, or the structuring of information.
• When thinking of your answer, you have to weigh the pros and cons to judge the action. This is called evaluating. It refers to making judgments on the value and validity of ideas and events.

  Evaluate by asking questions whose answers require judgement and the testing of an idea based on certain rules or standards.
• While making the comic strip, you have to synthesize the parts of the text to turn them into one output. This is known as creating. It involves combining parts to form a well-designed whole.

  Creating does not only mean making something concrete. You can also ask questions whose answers require the production, designing, or construction of new information or ideas.
• Text As Connected

  Discourse

  For the texts to achieve their purpose which may be to inform, to entertain, to persuade, or to actuate, they need to achieve coherence.
• Coherence means a text must be composed of sentences with connected ideas presented in a logical arrangement.
• A coherent text, which can be spoken or written, is a connected discourse.
• Any discourse can be described and understood through discourse analysis, which refers to the study of micro linguistic (frequency counts, information structure, and text linguistic devices)

  Macro linguistic ( genre and levels of discourse of texts)
• Genre classifies texts based on the external criteria such as activities which regularly occur in society.
• Text type classifies texts based on similarities in linguistic forms and patterns.
• Note that texts from the same genre can be classified under different text types.
• GENRE

  Business letter

  News

  Film Critique

  Product

  Brochure
• TEXT TYPE

  Expository

  Procedure

  Recount

  Review

  Descriptive

  Comparison-Contrast
• 3 reading process

  • pre-reading
  • while reading
  • post-reading
• 1. Rapid Reading aims to locate specific information or main ideas in a very short span of time. Examples of this include skimming and scanning, which are both pre-reading skills.
• Skimming

  Get an overview of the paragraph and state its main idea.
• b. Locating the main idea- is a reading skill which involves identifying the central message of a reading selection.

  (found in first, middle or last sentences of the naraoranh)
• Scanning

  Check the following information and look for the grade of Brutus. Do it as quickly as you can.
• PREVIEWING-Involves clarifying the purpose, reading the title and headings, & checking the illustration and other visuals. -Browsing, or inspecting unhurriedly, the table of contents, introduction, or summary.

  -Is a skill wherein a reader looks over a material and focuses on the information he/she finds relevant.
• LITERAL READING-Involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the material.-This skill includes note-taking, paraphrasing, and summarizing.-These are typically done in the post reading stage.
• 1. Summarizing- involves condensing a lengthy text into a shorter passage.
• 1. Paraphrasing- involves restating ideas from the original text. Unlike summary, the length of paraphrased text is almost similar to the length of the original text because it focuses on details not on the main idea.
• INFERENTIAL READING-Refers to the process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text.-Also known as "reading between the lines".-This skill includes making generalizations, inferences, and conclusions. This applied during the while-reading stage.
• CRITICAL READING

  -Refers to the close and thorough evaluation of the claims in the text in terms of relevance, validity, and logic.

  -This skill includes distinguishing facts from opinions & detecting logical fallacies.

  -Happens in the while-reading stage.
• Types of reading according to purpose

  -developmental reading

  -pleasure reading

  -functional reading

  -remedial reading
• Developmental reading

  -a type of reading which aims to develop the readers' reading skills
• Pleasure reading

  -a more passive type of reading that primarily aims to provide enjoyment and entertainment
• Functional reading

  -a type of reading designed to help readers learn basic functional reading, such as reading school forms and instructions.
• Remedial reading

  -a type of reading which aims to correct the effects of poor teaching and poor learning
• BRAINSTORMING

  * The most popular tool in generating creative and rich ideas.

  * It helps people establish patterns of ideas, develop new ways of thinking, activate background knowledge, and overcome mental block.
• Methods in brainstorming

  • idea list
  • idea map
• Idea list - simply involves listing ideas about a particular topic. It also helps you find the main idea and supporting details from the numerous listed ideas.
• Idea Map- It is a visual representation of ideas and their connection with one another. It is more structured; thus,

  it is able to show one idea subordinates another idea.
• GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

  -Are visual representations of concepts that help you structure information into organizational patterns.

  -They present essential information and connect these pieces of information into a coherent framework.

  -They are helpful tool brainstorming, facilitating reading & writing, promoting active learning, and accessing previous knowledge and experiences.