psychology

• Motivation is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior to understand motivated behavior, the four perspectives include Instinct theory (evolutionary perspective), Drive-reduction theory, Arousal theory, and Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
• Instinct theory, proposed by William James, suggests that motivation is something you are born with, do not have to learn, and is connected to genetics.
• Drive-reduction theory explains how we respond to our inner pushes and pulls.
• Arousal theory involves looking at a person’s arousal level and their performance.
• Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs, includes psychological needs, safety needs, and self-actualization.
• Instinct is a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
• Drives and Incentives are always trying to keep our bodies in homeostasis, maintaining internal stability.
• Psychological need is a basic bodily requirement.
• Homeostasis is a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
• Positive words can equate to a happy day, for example, Friday and Saturday.
• Happiness is relative to our own experience, as evidenced by the adaption-level phenomenon.
• Money can contribute to happiness, but its importance decreases over time.
• Our tendency to form judgements is relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience.
• Happy people tend to have high self-esteem, be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable, have close, positive, lasting relationships, have work and leisure that engage their skills, and have an active religious faith.
• Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaption and Comparison
• Happiness data remains the same regardless of changes in income.
• Happiness is related to genes, culture, history, experience, and other factors.
• Happiness involves emotional ups and downs.
• Incentive is a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
• Happiness is relative to others' success, as evidenced by the phenomenon of relative deprivation.
• Happiness is not related to age, gender, or physical attractiveness.
• Happiness is measured along with measures of objective well-being such as physical and economic indicators to evaluate people's quality of time.
• Arousal (覚 醒) is the state of being physiologically alert, awake, and attentive.
• Reducing satisfaction with a partner’s appearance or with a relationship can lead to viewing film or pictures of sexually attractive women and men, which can make the relationship less satisfying.
• Imagined stimuli can influence sexual arousal and desire, as sex fantasies can produce organisms.
• Affiliation is a need in psychology, the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group, which can lead to healthier and happier feelings and activate brain regions associated with reward and safety systems.
• Ostracism is the deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups, which can lead to depressed moods and withdrawal.
• Yerkes-Dodson law states that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
• Mobile networks and social media can lead to narcissism, excessive self-love and self-absorption.
• Achievement motivation is a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.
• External stimuli can promote sexual motivation.
• Historical emotion theories include the James-Lange Theory, which states that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus → arousal → emotion, the Cannon-Bard Theory, which states that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion, and the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory, which states that to experience emotion one must be physically around.
• The refractory period in human sexuality is a testing period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm for a few minutes or a day or more.
• Emotion is a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
• Believing rape is acceptable can lead to women being sexually coerced and men wanting to hurt women.
• Desensitization can be a problem with pornography, as it can mess with manhood.
• The benefits of belonging include attachment, which is survival, and avoidance, which is feeling discomfort over getting close.
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs includes physiological needs, psychological needs, safety needs, and self-actualization.
• Macrophage cells identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn out cells.
• The health benefits of positive emotion include a sense of safety, a stable, coherent worldview, a sense of hope for the future, and a sense of meaning in life.