PRACTICAL RESEARCH1

• importance of research in daily life
• Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that align an individual's speculation with reality
• Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or theories
• In research, a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness
• Inquiry is defined as "a seeking for truth, information or knowledge". It is a problem-solving technique that begins with gathering information and data through questioning
• Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and findings by proving lies and supporting the truth
• Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology, and environment
• Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness
• Ethical standards in research writing include informed consent, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, respect for intellectual property, confidentiality, responsible mentoring, responsible publication, respect for colleagues, social responsibility, non-discrimination, competence, legality, animal care, and human subjects protection
• Rights of research participants include human rights, intellectual property rights, copyright infringement, voluntary participation, anonymity, and privacy
• Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person's ideas, works, processes, and results without giving due credit. It includes failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas, failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words
• Qualitative research aims to create new theory based on gathered data and understand individual differences in terms of feelings and experiences. It uses natural settings, stories, pictures, words, and open-ended questions for data gathering
• Quantitative research aims to test a hypothesis or theory and measures problems using rating scales and other research parameters. It uses measurement settings, numbers, scales, hypotheses, and closed-ended questions for data gathering
• Weaknesses of qualitative research include researcher subjectivity in data analysis, difficulty in knowing the validity/reliability of data, data overload from open-ended questions, time-consuming nature, and results depending on the researcher's views or interpretations
• Kinds of qualitative research include case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, content analysis, and discourse analysis
• Content Analysis:

  • Research technique that analyzes modes of communication like letters, e-mails
• Discourse Analysis:

  • Study of social life through analysis of language, including face-to-face talk, non-verbal interaction, images, and symbols
  • Materials for Discourse Analysis include books, newspapers, periodicals, brochures, and advertisements
• Historical Analysis:

  • Qualitative method examining past events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future
• Grounded Theory:

  • Discovery of new theory underlying a study at the time of data collection and analysis
• Narrative Report:

  • Presents past events through a logical progression of relevant information
  • Main purpose is to present a factual depiction of what has occurred
• Biography:

  • Study of an individual's life and struggles reflecting cultural themes of society
  • Concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and meaning based on biographical narratives and documents
  • Common types of biography include Scholarly Chronicles, Intellectual Biography, Life History Writing, Memoir Biography, Narrative Biography
• Action Research:

  • Classroom-based or school-based research seeking transformative change through action and research linked by critical reflection
  • Commonly conducted by teachers to provide solutions for existing problems to improve students' academic performance and attitudes
• The purpose of research is to inform action, prove or generate a theory, and augment knowledge in a field or study
• Ethical standards in research include informed consent, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, respect for intellectual property, confidentiality, responsible mentoring, responsible publication, respect for colleagues, social responsibility, non-discrimination, competence, legality, animal care, and human subjects protection
• Qualitative research aims to create new theory based on gathered data and gain understanding of individual differences in terms of feelings and experiences. It involves natural settings, making stories out of a certain phenomenon, small judgment sampling, unstructured or semi-structured data gathering processes, and open-ended questions
• Weaknesses of qualitative research include researcher's subjectivity in data analysis, difficulty in knowing the validity/reliability of the data, data overload from open-ended questions, time-consuming nature, and results that depend on the researcher's views or interpretations
• Kinds of qualitative research include case study, which is a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or situation, and ethnography, which is a study of a culture or community
• Time study is an empirical inquiry that investigates current phenomena
• Example: "Teenage Pregnancy in Public High Schools"
• Ethnography is a study of a particular cultural group
• Example: "Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace Education in Indigenous Peoples (IP) Communities"
• Phenomenology focuses on the "live-experienced" phenomenon
• Example: "Life without Gadget"
• Content Analysis is a research technique that analyzes modes of communication like letters and emails
• Discourse Analysis studies social life through language, including face-to-face talk, non-verbal interaction, images, and symbols
• Example: "A Discourse Analysis on the Impact of Modern Technologies on Communication"
• Historical Analysis examines past events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future
• Example: "The Impact of Ferdinand Marcos' Speech"
• Grounded Theory involves discovering new theories during data collection and analysis
• Example: "The Story Behind the Migration of Christians from Visayas and Luzon to Mindanao"