Biology

• Process of formation of organs from three germ layers


  Organogenesis
• Formation of blood cells

  Haematopoiesis
• 3 Phases of Cell Tissue

  1.  Blast
  2. Cyte
  3. Clast
• Change over time or the process of how present-day organisms have descended from ancient ones.

  Evolution
• Biological catalysts that speed up biological reactions without destroying themselves in the process.


  Enzymes
• Substance being act on by an enzyme.

  Substrate
• A place in the enzyme where reaction takes place

  Active site
• Name 10 enzymes involved in the process of Glycolysis

  1. Aldolase
  2. Enolase
  3. Phosphofructokinase
  4. Phosphoglucoisomerase
  5. Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
  6. Phosphotriose isomerase
  7. Hexokinase
  8. Phosphoglycerate mutase
  9. Pyruvate kinase
  10. Phosphoglycerate kinase
• Chemical equation for Glycolysis

  C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ ~ 2C3H4O3 + 2H2O + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+
• Chemical equation for Photosynthesis

  6CO2 + 6H2O ~ Light ~ C6h12O6 + 6O2
• Chemical equation for Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + energy ~ 6CO2 + 6H2O
• The alteration of genes from organisms to achieve desirable traits for another organism.

  Genetic Engineering
• Other names for Genetic Engineering 


  Recombinant DNA, Biotechnology
• Sugar-degrading enzymes


  Amylase
• Fat-degrading enzymes


  Lipase
• Protein-degrading enzymes


  Protease
• Father of Genetics

  Gregor Mendel
• Father of Evolution


  Charles Darwin
• Father of Biology


  Aristotle
• The structure of DNA consists of two strands twisted together into a double helix shape.
• DNA is the genetic material that contains all the information needed to build and maintain life.
• The process of identifying a certain location of a desirable trait in a gene.

  Gene Mapping
• The passing of traits from a parent to an offspring.

  Inheritance
• Study of genes, inheritance, and variations.

  Genetics
• What do you call the physical characteristics/make up of a gene.

  Phenotype
• Genetic composition of a cell or an individual.

  Genotypes
• Examples of Genotypes

  1. AA
  2. Aa
  3. aa
• A section of a long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries genetic information that determines traits.


  Gene
• Process of Genetic Engineering

  1. Source
  2. Extract
  3. Remove
  4. Insert
  5. Produce
• Application of Genetic Combination in Agriculture

  • Distant Hybridization
  • Development of Transgenic Plants
  • Development of Root Nodules in Cereal Crops
  • Development of C4 plants
• Application of Genetic Engineering in Medicine

  • Production of Antibiotics
  • Production of Hormone Insulin
  • Production of Vaccines
  • Diagnosis of Disease
  • Production of Enzymes
  • Production of Transgenic Animals
• The number or kinds of organism living at a particular time

  Biological Diversity
• Scientific explanation of the diversity of life.

  Evolutionary Theory
• 5 Mechanisms of Evolution

  1. Artificial Selection
  2. Natural Selection
  3. Genetic Drift
  4. Mutation
  5. Recombination
• Individuals with desirable traits are bred to increase the chances of having an offspring with the same desirable traits.

  Selective Breeding
• Nature provides variation of organisms so humans can select variations that are useful to them.

  Artificial Selection
• It is the process through which organisms adapt to their environments.

  Natural Selection
• Mechanism of evolution in which allele frequency change over generations due to chance.

  Genetic Drift
• 2 Examples of Genetic Drift

  1. Bottleneck Effect
  2. Founder Effect
• Change in the structure of a gene caused by alterations in the DNA sequence of an organism

  Mutation