ARTICLE 2

• SECTION 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.
• Democracy is from the word demos which means people
• The Republic is from the word politiea which means rights of citizens
• Initiative - A law can either be accepted or repeated based on the popular of the people
• Referendum - Directly propose and enact laws
• Citizens have a power to their state
• Suffrage - is the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the election
• SECTION 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
• Doctrine of Incorporation - The commitment of the state to the international law
• International law - refers to the set of rules and principles governing relations between states and other international actors
• SECTION 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory.
• SECTION 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil service.
• SECTION 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.
• SECTION 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
• SECTION 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination.
• Independent foreign policy - It is a set of guidelines or goals to promote its national interest through its relations without the control of other country
• SECTION 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.
• SECTION 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all.
• SECTION 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
• Any torture in human being is constitutionally prohibited
• SECTION 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.
• SECTION 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.
• SECTION 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
• SECTION 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them.
• SECTION 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
• SECTION 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.
• SECTION 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare.
• SECTION 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.
• SECTION 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments.
• SECTION 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.
• SECTION 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development.
• SECTION 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.
• SECTION 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.
• SECTION 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
• SECTION 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.
• SECTION 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption.
• SECTION 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.