QUIZ 2

• Monocyte and macrophage are the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
• Histiocytes are macrophages in the loose connective tissue.
• Microglial cells are macrophages in the nervous system.
• Monocyte is the largest mature cell seen in peripheral blood and may exhibit an irregular cytoplasmic outline with pseudopods and vacuoles commonly observed.
• The morphological stages of monocyte development from the youngest to the mature include monoblast, promonocyte, and monocyte.
• Promonocyte is 12 to 18 micrometers in diameter and their nucleus is slightly indented or folded with delicate chromatin pattern and at least one nucleolus apparent.
• The cytoplasm of promonocyte is blue and contains scattered Azure granules.
• Monocyte appear to be larger than neutrophils because they tend to stick to and spread out on glass and plastics and are slightly immature cells with ultimate goal of entering the tissues and maturing into macrophages, osteoclasts, or dendritic cells.
• Kupffer cells are macrophages in the liver.
• Alveolar macrophage is a macrophage in the lungs.
• Microglial cells are macrophages in the brain.
• Langerhans cells are macrophages in the skin.
• Splenic macrophages are macrophages of the spleen.
• Intestinal macrophages are macrophages of the intestines.
• Peritoneal macrophages are macrophages of the peritoneum.
• Osteoclast is a macrophage of the bone.
• Type A cell is a synovial macrophage.
• Renal macrophage is a macrophage of the kidney.
• Dendritic cells are macrophages in the lymph nodes.
• T cell, B cells, NK cells are the three major groups of lymphocytes.
• B cells are the antibody producing lymphocytes that developed in the bone marrow and are essential for antibody production and take up the role of antigen presentation of T cells and may be necessary for optimal CD4 application.
• Cytotoxic T cells are the kind of lymphocyte that are capable of killing target cells by secreting granules containing granzyme and perforin or by activating apoptotic pathways in the target cell.
• NK cells are a kind of lymphocytes that functions as part of innate immunity and are capable of killing certain tumor cells and virus infected cells without prior sensitization.
• Neutrophils, Monocyte, Macrophage are the three phagocytic cells.
• Cells that release inflammatory mediators include Mast cells, Basophils, Eosinophils.
• Exudation is the process of the movement of fluids, proteins, and lymphocytes into the interstitial tissue.
• Sepsis is an infection induced syndrome that is defined as the presence of fever, hypothermia, leukocytosis, or leukopenia.
• Chemotaxis is the event where cells are guided to the site of the injury by the concentration gradient of chemotactic substances.
• Extravasation is the process of the movement of neutrophils.
• Leukotrienes are a class of compounds that mediate the inflammatory function of leukocytes. The observed systemic reactions that are related to these compounds were previously attributed to the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
• The ratio of circulating to marginating cells is 1:3.5. Monocytes are estimated to have a circulatory half-life of approximately 8.5 hours.
• Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is the major cytokine responsible for the growth and differentiation of monocytes.
• Monoblasts in normal bone marrow are very rare and are difficult to distinguish from myeloblasts based on morphology.
• monocyte: its nucleus may be round, oval, or kidney shaped but more often is deeply indented (horseshoe shaped) or folded on itself. The chromatin pattern is looser than in the other leukocytes and has sometimes been described as lace-like or stringy.
• monocyte: Their cytoplasm is blue-gray, with fine azure granules often referred to as azure dust or a ground-glass appearance
• T and B cells: these cells drive the adaptive immunity
• NK cells are innate immunity participants.
• Humoral Immunity: These produce antibodies. They are known as B cells and develop in the bone marrow.
• Cellular Immunity: These directly attack foreign cells or organisms. They include T cells (developing in the thymus) and NK cells (developing in both bone marrow and thymus)
• Antigen-Independent Phase: Occurs in bone marrow and thymus (central or primary organs)