inheritance c- topic 16

• silent mutation has no effect on the phenotype as amino acid does not change
• mutations most have no effect on organisms within a population, some have a very small effect, very rarely have a large effect by drastically changing the phenotype of the affected organism
• mutations affect the phenotype as there is a change in DNA, chance in RNA produced during transcription, change in amino acid sequence produced during translation, change in the protein shape, different protein function, different phenotype
• deletion codons read in 3s, huge effect since all amino acids change
• mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited it can be beneficial or harmful based on a variety of factors unfavourable mutations die out, favourable mutations persist
• environment, variation caused by the conditions in which the organisms lives, cannot be inherited, e.g tattoos, scars, language spoken
• better suited to the environment means more likely to survive either by better access to resources or avoiding predation
• selective breeding vs natural selection, is there human influence? is the developed trait beneficial for the animal?
• genetic variation is the difference in the genetic material of living organisms
• species is a group of organisms which can inbreed to have fertile offspring
• superbugs are germs that become resistant to the drugs that destroy them
• variation caused by genetics, cause by the genotype of the organism can be inherited e.g eye colour and blood group
• variation cause by interaction of environment and genetics, partially heritable but usually polygenic, e.g height and weight
• mutations can be increased by exposure to ionising radiation gamma rays, x rays and uv rays. smoking also increases mutations as there are chemical mutagens in cigarette smoke
• explain how musks may have developed this characteristic over many years, random mutations caused some oxen to have thicker fur, the individuals which inherited the mutation are more likely to survive and reproduce, pass on the allele for the mutation to the next generation, continued over generations until all musk oxens had thick fur
• antibiotics are chemicals used to kill bacteria e.g penicillin, antibiotics should only be used to treat bacterial infections
• example of protoctist and disease it causes, plasmodium, malaria
• antibiotic resistance is when a beneficial mutation (for the bacteria will provide it with resistance to antibiotic) antibiotics will then kill the bacteria without the beneficial resistance mutation, only bacteria with resistance will then survive and go on to reproduce, so now all bacteria in that population are resistant to antibiotics
• Darwins theory of natural selection and evolution states that phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable, those individuals with traits better suited to the environment will go on to survive and reproduce,population with beneficial mutation will increase this is what causes living organisms to change over time