Intro to Bichemistry

• Biochemistry is the application ofchemistry to the study of biologicalprocesses at the cellular and molecularlevel.
• Biochemistry is studying the structure andbehavior of the complexmolecules found in biologicalmaterial andthe ways these molecules interact toform cells, tissues and wholeorganism
• Cells (basic structural units of livingorganisms) are highly organized andconstant source of energy is required tomaintain the ordered state
• All organisms use the same type ofmolecules: CHO, proteins, lipids &nucleic acids
• Certain important rxns E.g. Glycolysis isfound in almost all organisms.
• Biochemistry is a special branch oforganic chemistry that deals with matterinside the living cell called Protoplasm
• Protoplasm is an enormouslycomplex mixture of organiccompounds where high levels ofchemical activity occur.
• Organic chemistry is the study ofCarbon compounds.
• Organic compounds arecompounds composed primarily ofa Carbon skeleton.
• Carbon can covalently bond with upto four other atoms
• Primary Organic Compounds are Carbohydrates, Lipids Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
• Carbohydrates are compounds of tremendous biologicalimportance:● They provide energy through oxidation● They supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components● They serve as a form of stored chemical energy● They form part of the structures of some cells and tissues
• Carbohydrates, along with lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and othercompounds are known as biomolecules because they are closelyassociated with living organisms
• Examples of carbohydrates are cellulose which are structuralcomponent of the plants, starch the energy reservoir in plantsand glycogen (animal starch) found in animal tissues andhuman body in smaller quantities.Occurrence of CarbohydratesAgenda:
• carbohydrates are cellulose
• starch the energy reservoir in plants
• glycogen (animal starch) found in animal tissues andhuman body in smaller quantities.
• Recommended carbohydrates ~ 60 %
• Plant products are the major source of carbohydrates andaverage human diet contains 2/3 of carbohydrates
• Recommended sucrose less than 10%
• Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes orketones, or substances that yield such compoundson hydrolysis.
• Glyceraldehyde, the simplest carbohydrate, existsin two isomeric forms that are mirror images ofeach other
• The two mirrorimage forms of glyceraldehyde are enantiomers ofeach other.
• Chiral molecules have the same relationship toeach other that your left and right hands havewhen reflected in a mirror.
• Achiral objects can be superimposed on themirror images — for example, drinking glasses,spheres, and cubes
• Chirality• Any carbon atom which is connected to fourdifferent groups will be chiral, and will have twononsuperimposable mirror images; it is a chiralcarbon or a center of chirality
• Fischer projections are a convenient way torepresent mirror images in two dimensions
• A levorotatory (–) substance rotates polarizedlight to the left.
• A dextrorotatory (+) substance rotatespolarized light to the right.
• The monosaccharides are the simplest of thecarbohydrates, since they contain only onepolyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit.
• No. of carbon is 3 then triose.
• No. of carbons 4 then tetrose.
• No. of carbons 5 then pentose.
• No. of carbon 6 then hexose.
• Pyranose ring "open chain" that alcohol group forms containing a stable cyclic hemiacetal or hemiketal
• Fructose closes on itself to form a furanose ring
• Sugars that undergo this reaction are calledreducing sugars
• (Benedict’sreagent) to form a red-orange precipitate ofcopper(I) oxide (Cu2O)
• Phosphate esters can form at the 6-carbon ofaldohexoses and aldoketoses
• Glycoside Formation Hemiacetals yield acetals upon treatment with an alcohol and an acid catalyst