Part 2: States, Giant Ionic Lattice, Small Molecules

• Describe how you should draw a covalent molecule?

  • Draw the outer electron shell of the atom present in the smallest amount.
  • Draw overlapping circles for the other atoms present.
  • Write x and o on the overlaps
  • fill up any missing electrons
• Describe how you should draw a metallic element?

  • Draw a box with dashed line circles inside
  • arrange them in rows
  • write a + in each circle
  • label the empty space in the box as delocalized electrons
• At what point does a solid melt?

  Melting point
• At what point does a gas condense?


  Boiling point
• What are the limitations of the particle model?

  • There are no forces
  • all particles are represented as spheres
  • the spheres are solid
• What determines the melting and boiling point?

  Strength of forces between particles
• How can you work out the state of a material at a specific temperature?

  Put the melting and boiling points at two ends of a continuum, label all temperatures to the left of the melting point as soli, all to the right of the boiling points as gases. Liquids are inbetween.
• Write the names and symbols of all 4 state symbols?

  Solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g) and aqueous (aq)
• Can an individual particle have a melting point?

  NO, because it will not have the same properties as the bulk material and no bonds
• State the structure of an ionic compound?


  Giant ionic lattice
• Describe the bonding in an ionic material?

  Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in all directions
• Describe the melting points of ionic materials?

  high
• Describe the conduction of electricity of ionic solids?


  None, because the ions are not able to move and carry the charge throughout the structure
• Describe the conduction of electricity of ionic liquids or solutions?


  Good because the ions are able to move and carry charge the charge through the structure
• State the structure of a covalent compound?


  small molecule
• Describe the bonding in a simple, covalent material?

  weak intermolecular forces that require little energy to break. Strong covalent bonds that don't break easily.
• Describe the melting point of small molecules?

  Low
• What type of state is a small molecule?

  Liquid or gas
• What type of structure is a polymer?

  small molecule
• what is the melting point of polymer like?

  higher than other small molecules
• Explain why polymers have higher melting points than typical small molecules?

  Polymers are long chain molecules. their weak intermolecular forces are stronger than other small molecules. More energy is needed to break them.
• Describe the conduction of electricity in small molecules?

  None, there are no delocalized electrons or ions that can move and carry charge throughout the structure
• Compare the melting point of a smaller molecule versus a larger small molecule?

  Larger small molecules have larger melting points
• What happens to the strength of a weak intermolecular force as molecules become larger?

  they get stronger