OD

• Post treatment assessment examination is performed when a treatment plan is completed or when significant caries or periodontal disease is controlled.
• The principle of oral diagnosis involves the fundamentals of the interview, the principles and procedures of clinical examinations, the methods of identifying oral disease, and the rationale for oral therapy.
• Tentative Diagnosis is a preliminary educated guess.
• Differential Diagnosis is the determination, by systematic comparison and contrast of symptoms, of the one of several diseases from which a patient is suffering.
• Definitive Diagnosis is the final diagnosis based on accurate appraisal of all available data or information.
• Prognosis is a forecast as to the outcome of disease with or without therapy.
• Consultation involves obtaining the advice of others on the diagnosis of a specific oral condition or the management of a patient having other conditions not related to the oral complaint.
• Referral is the process of sending a patient to another person for consultation or treatment.
• Specialties in dentistry include Endodontics, Oral pathology, Oral surgery, Orthodontics, Pedodontics, Periodontics, Prosthodontics, and Public Health.
• Specialties in medicine include Anesthesiology, Dermatology, Internal Medicine, Neurology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Ophthalmology.
• SOAP stands for Subjective, Objective, Assessment/Diagnosis, and Plan/Treatment Plan.
• The diagnostician should have a basic knowledge of disease.
• The diagnostician must recognize that disease exists and must be able to describe it and to classify it within certain limits, namely: Type of lesion, Tissue involved, Etiological agent, and Whether it represents a developmental disturbance.
• The basis for modern therapy is diagnosis.
• Periodic Examination is for patients who had a comprehensive or past periodic examination.
• Case History in a complete examination includes the patient’s chief complaint, present illness, past history, and systemic review.
• A complete examination should include the following: Case History, Clinical Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Plan.
• Thorough or Complete Examination, also known as Comprehensive Examination, utilizes all the skills of interviewing, physical examination, and supplementary diagnostic aids.
• A screening examination should include the following: Chief complaint, Health questionnaire, Selected radiographs, Gross appraisal for decay; missing and filled teeth, General appraisal of the gingiva for alteration of color and form, Gross appraisal of the soft tissues for the presence of lesions, Brief appraisal of oral hygiene, Brief appraisal of occlusion.
• Treatment Plan in a complete examination is the ideal treatment, alternate treatment, and screening type of examination.
• Probably the most important concept that a student must learn, whether in school or out, is the importance of an efficient discipline for collecting the material necessary to make a diagnosis.
• Emergency or limited type of Examination, also known as Problem focused examination, is necessary for the diagnosis and management of acute and emergency conditions.
• Clinical Examination in a complete examination includes a general appraisal of the patient, a detailed oral examination, and supplementary examination and special tests when indicated.
• Diagnosis in a complete examination is a summary of the nature of the abnormality, its etiology and significance, and prognosis.
• Screening type of Examination, also known as Dental Health Examination, utilizes a dental modification of the Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire, a brief clinical examination of the teeth and supporting structures and mouth, and limited x-ray examination utilizing posterior bite-wing radiographs.
• What is a headache?


  An ache or pain in the region of cranial vault
• Headache is described in terms of?


  quality, location, intensity and its relation to other events
• Intracranial structures registering pain are?

  blood vessels, cerebral and dural arteries, large veins and venous sinuses
• What are the intracranial sources of headache?


  1 Displacement of the venous sinuses and their nerves

  2 Dilation (swelling/expansion) and distention (pressure inside) of the intracranial arteries

  3 Inflammation of pain-sensitive structures
• What are the extracranial sources of headaches?


  arteries of the scalp, sinuses, teeth, eyes, cervical spine, muscles of the neck and head
• What CAUSES HEADACHE?

  1. Referred pain from the teeth, eyes, ear nose, throat
  2. Pollutants in the air
  3. Widespread use of antibiotics
  4. Food sources- msg, tyramine in cheese, nuts, pork and fish, can cause dietary migraine.
• What is weakness?

  Asthenia, lassitude, faintness - characterized by lack of energy and fatigability.
• Enumerate the CONDITIONS THAT MAY PRODUCE WEAKNESS?

  1. Malignant neoplasm 2. Obscure chronic infection 3. Anemia 4. Metabolic and endocrine disturbance 5. Nutritional deficiencies
• What are the MOST COMMON CAUSE OF RECURRENT ATTACK WEAKNESS?

  1.Epilepsy

  2. Emotional disturbance

  3. Hypoglycemia

  4. Postural hypotension- low BP

  5. Disturbance of cardiac rhythm
• Shortness of breathing

   Does not occur at rest in normal person, apparent at exertion

   Physiologic, pathologic- seen in cardiac, pulmonary, and hematologic disease?

  Dyspnea
• Undue awareness of beating of the heart

   May be physiologic- strenuous physical activities ?

  Palpitation
• Other causes include:

  o Disorder of the mechanism of heartbeat

  o Presence of organic disorders outside of the heart- thyrotoxicosis, anemia, hypoglycemia

  o Tobacco, coffee, tea, some drugs (stimulant)?

  Palpitation
• Abnormal state of blood circulation?

  HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
• HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE maybe of?

  renal, endocrine, psychogenic, arteriosclerosis
• Clinical symptoms that may accompany hypertension are:?

  Headache

  o Vertigo

  o Hemoptysis

  o Epistaxis