cloning mammals

• embryo cloning using embryo transplants

  • eg breeding 2 best cattle and cloning the offspring

  1. Egg cells from the best cow are artificially fertilised using sperm cells taken from the best bull -> embryo
  2. The developing animal embryo is then split apart many times before the cells ofthe embryo become specialised
  3. This forms many separate embryos that are genetically identical
  4. These cloned embryos are then transplanted into host mothers
  5. genetically identical
• label

  A) inseminated

  B) sperm

  C) uterus

  D) before

  E) specialised

  F) host

  
• ADULT CELL CLONING

  1. nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell
  2. nucleus from an adult body cell eg skin cell is inserted into the egg cell
  3. A small electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide ( mitosis ) to form an embryo which contains the same genetic information as the adult skin cell
  4. When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female ( surrogate mother ) to continue its development until birth
  5. first clone from adult female sheep: dolly the sheep
• label

  A) body

  B) egg

  C) dna

  D) nucleus

  E) inserted

  F) A

  
• human proteins

  • 276 attempts to clone sheep. explores possibility to produce medicines in milk of mammals
  • A transgenic animal (animal whose genetic material was altered by introducing genes from another organism) is bred that contains a foreign gene within its genome. It causes the animal to produce a useful compound (protein) which gets expressed within its milk (collected thru milk)
  • it can then be cloned to produce a whole herd / flock, all producing the same special milk: pharming
  • eg antibodies for cancer, Blood clotting factor IX for haemophilia, Alpha-1-antitrypsin for cystic fibrosis
• label

  A) preserve

  B) endangered

  C) quickly

  D) cheaply

  E) consistently

  F) quality

  G) time

  H) ensure

  I) quality

  J) gene pool

  K) alleles

  L) resistance

  M) diseases

  N) healthy

  O) humans

  P) unethical

  Q) unsuccessful

  R) disabilities