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• rRNA, along with proteins, make up the ribosome and help catalyze the formation of peptide bonds.
• mRNA is modified after transcription, with one important modification being RNA splicing, where introns (non-coding regions) are removed, and exons (coding regions) are joined together.
• This process allows for different combinations of exons, enabling the production of multiple polypeptides from a single gene.
• A modified guanine nucleotide called the 5' cap is added to the 5' end of the mRNA, facilitating its binding to a ribosome for translation.
• A poly-A tail consisting of 50-250 adenine nucleotides is added to the 3' end, assisting in the mRNA's transport out of the nucleus.
• RNA is made in the 5'-3' direction but the DNA template is read in the 3'-5' direction.
• After, RNA polymerase uses a complementary base-pairing rules to match RNA nucleotides with the exposed DNA nucleotides.
• The purpose of translation is to read/follow the instructions carried on the mRNA to make a polypeptide, this process takes place in the ribosomes.
• The process of translation starts with an mRNA attaching to the small subunit of the ribosome.
• The ribosome reads the mRNA codons in the 5'-3' direction, starting at the AUG codon (1 codon = 3 nucleotides) during translation.
• When the stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the completed polypeptide chain during translation.
• Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that control gene activity.
• Repressors decrease transcription, activators increase transcription.
• Vocab

  Introns: Non-coding regions in mRNA

  Exons: Coding regions in the mRNA

  Genetic code: 3 letter codes in nucleotide that correspond to a amino acid or stop signal

  Codon: A 3-letter code in a nucleotide which corresponds to an mRNA nucleotide.

  Anticodon: A 3-letter code that corresponds to a codon using base-pairing rules.

  Amino acid Translation: When ribosomes bonds together with peptide bonds after tRNA drops them off

  Epigenetics: The study of changes in gene expression that are heritable