Zoology Lecture

• Biosphere: The part of earth that contains all ecosystems
• Ecosystem: Community and its non living surroundings.
• Community: Population that live together in a defined area.
• Population: Groups of organisms of one type that live in the same area.
• Organism: Individual living things.
• Group of Cell: Tissue, organs, and organ system.
• Cells: Smallest functional unit of life.;
• Molecules: Group of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds.
• All forms of life have common features: order, regulation, growth and development, energy processing, reproduction, evolutionary adaptation.
• Absence of Nucleus

  Prokaryotes
• Presence of Nucleus

  Eukaryotes
• 3 Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
• Archaea & Bacteria

  Prokaryotes
• Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists

  Eukaryotes
• Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
• Taxonomic Level: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Evolution of Life: Does not happen overnight.
• Systematics: Study of diversity and relationship.
• Divergent Evolution: Have one common ancestor.
• Convergent Evolution: Similarities are not due to same ancestor.
• Parallel Evolution: Similarities are due to evolutionary adaptation.
• Monophyletic: Group of organisms/species that came from one ancestor.
• Polyphyletic: Multiple ancestor.
• Paraphyletic: Consist of the last common ancestor and most of its descendants but excludes some sub groups.
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the main elements found in the living organism.
• 1665 Robert Hooke: Looked at a thin slice of cork under the microscope and called the chambers "cell".
• 1674 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: Made his own microscope and viewed microscopic organisms in pond water he called animacules.
• 1838-1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: All plants are made up of cell.
• The Cell Theory: All living organisms are made up of one or more cells, cell is the basic unit of life, all cells are produced from pre-existing cells.
• All cells share four common components: cytoplasm, genetic material, ribosomes, plasma membrane
• Phenetic Analysis: Grouping species based on overall similarity.
• Chemotaxonomy: Grouping according to differences/similarities in biochemical composition.
• Genotypic Classification: Classification by comparing genes/genomes.
• Polyphasic Approach: Takes into account all available phenotype & genotypic data & integrates them into a consensus type of classification
• Glycocalyx: A coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions.
• Nucleoid: The site where the large DNA molecule is condensed into a packet. DNA is the code that directs all genetics and heredity of the cell.
• Pilus: An elongate, hollow appendage used in transfers of DNA to other cells and in cell adhesion.
• Mesosome: An extension of the cell membrane that folds into the cytoplasm and increases surface area.
• Flagellum: Specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long rotating filament. The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility.
• Fimbriae: Fine, hairlike bristles from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces.