SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

• Science originates from the Latin word “Scientia” which means “to know”.
• Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge.
• Science provides testable explanations and predictions about the world.
• Science is an unveiling of nature that aims to gain knowledge.
• Studies the material universe.
• Birds were reclassified as reptiles.
• Good science has paradigms, an interpretation of the physical world to which scientists subscribe, and changes as anomalies arise and gets replaced as knowledge develops.
• Understanding of the material universe changes over time.
• Knowledge is a statement about what you accept as “sufficiently real” to allow you to take action upon and thereby your life.
• Belief Knowledge is knowledge about the world that is inherent and unique in each human being, attained by individual revelation.
• Research Knowledge is the gathering of knowledge that is universal, based on a protocol to allow one to select between alternative observations or hypotheses.
• A fact is a researched knowledge, which is different from belief knowledge and knowledge.
• Belief knowledge is the spirit of the individual who believes.
• In ancient times, several false theorems were proposed about the origin of life.
• These false theorems were not the result of stupidity, but simply limited research knowledge.
• Researched knowledge is the methodology of observation and testing that allows one to choose one “fact” over another, and changes over time as new observations are made.
• Good science eliminates as many variables while entertaining as many alternate interpretations of the observations as possible, and its hallmark is doubt.
• The goal of science is understanding, which involves identifying relationships and characteristics, predicting summaries and conclusions, and deriving knowledge and facts.
• Research Knowledge requires that all observations be repeatable, involve more than one (and different) observers, and involve hypotheses that are falsifiable, meaning they can be declared false and rejected.
• Research Knowledge does not claim fact, it claims logical circumstantial explanations in the light of the requirements above.
• Science can be defined as an idea, an intellectual activity, a body of knowledge, and a personal and social activity.
• Science also developed in different parts of the world: in Asia, Europe, Mesoamerica, and Africa.
• Science provided different ancient civilizations the means to survive and understand the natural and physical world.
• The Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
• Nicolaus Copernicus' idea and model of the universe placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe.
• Charles Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution and published his book The Origin of Species in 1859.
• Sigmund Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology and made a significant contribution through the development of an important observational method known as the method of psychoanalysis.
• The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years and incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures.
• The Maya civilization is known for their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
• The Maya civilization developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
• The Maya civilization built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica.
• The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time.
• The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica.
• The Mayans are one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics.
• The Aztec developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
• The Aztec calendar enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.
• Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476 – 550), in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.
• Chinampa is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
• The Mayans are believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
• The Aztec civilization mandates that their children get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age, which is an early form of universal or inclusive education.