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• Literature is one of the most significant forms of art that has even been invented, derived from latin litterae meaning letters, enduring expressions of significant human experiences in words well-arranged, significant human stories passed down by word of mouth, the art of using the language, a written work of culture appearing in poetry or prose, and a product of imagination, originality, style of expression, thought, emotions, feelings, ideas.
• The aims of literature are to inspire & uplift the taste, to read for pleasure, to widen experiences, and to broaden sympathies with other people.
• Literary genres include prose fiction, non-prose fiction, poetry, and drama.
• Literary elements include setting, character, plot, conflict, and point of view.
• Setting in literature is the description of customs, clothing, scenery, weather, buildings, rooms, furniture, means of transportation.
• Character in literature is a person or animal who takes part in the action of a work.
• Plot in literature is the sequence of events, and can be linear, circular, or en medias res.
• Conflict in literature is a struggle between two people or things, and the main character is usually on the side of the central conflict.
• Point of view in literature is how the narrator tells the story, and can be first-person, third-person, or third-person limited.
• Norman Fairclough introduced critical discourse analysis as a way to highlight and expose when language has been used this way.
• Imagery uses language to stimulate the reader's imagination.
• Critical discourse analysis views language as a form of social practice, aiming to investigate the ideologies and power dynamics hidden within discourse.
• Language in use discourse analysis involves a highly descriptive and in-depth examination of linguistic properties, focusing on technical details such as grammar, syntax, phonetics, and prosody.
• Discourse is actual instances of communication in the medium of language, often used to construct or maintain structures of power in society.
• Variety in language use adds to the effectiveness of the poem.
• Stylistics refers to the study of style and pattern use by a writer or speaker.
• Discourse analysts analyze whole chunks of both planned and spontaneous written, spoken, visual language.
• Socio-political discourse analysis focuses on the impact language can have on society and vice versa, looking at the relationship between language and society such as language and power.
• The social context determines the meaning that is to be communicated.
• Discourse analysis is a qualitative research method that involves an in-depth examination of any written, spoken, non-verbal, and visual language in context, concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used.
• Pragmatics is the study of language use and its relation to language structure and context of utterance.
• Theme is the selection of topic where the author states what is going to be discussed.
• Coherence is the quality of being logical, consistent, able to be understood.
• The aim of Conversational Analysis is to determine how participants in a natural conversation understand and respond to one another when it's their turn to talk.
• Discourse referents are the main objects mentioned in the text; can be real or fiction.
• A sentence has meaning, while an utterance has sense.
• Rheme is what the author states about such topic.
• Conversation is a form of sociability that reflects an individual's ability and willingness to interact with others.
• Cohesion is the act of forming a whole unit; a subset of coherence.
• Deixis refers to deictic words that change their meaning with every utterance such as: this, that, these, those, here, there, now, then.
• Macrostructure is built by applying a series of macrorules: deletion, selection, generalization, construction.
• Basic Discourse Analysis concepts include text or discourse, which refers to oral or written text.
• Superstructure is related to the idea of genre or type of text consisting of introduction, complication, and end.
• Conversational Analysis is a study of talk, oral communication, or the study of language use.
• Cooperative Principle of Conversation, outlined by H.P. Grice, outlines what speakers assume in their dealings with each other.
• Poetic devices include alliteration, assonance, repetition, anaphora, anadiplosis, onomatopoeia, inversion, anastrophe, hysteron-proteron, simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole.
• Lyric poetry aka descriptive poetry is usually brief, melodic, very expressive; conveys impressions, feelings, emotions, sensations about an experience; ode, elegy, sonnet, song.
• Rhyme is the similarity of sound in words; matter of pronunciation & not spelling.
• Lesson insights that readers can pick from the story; can strongly influence reader’s opinion.
• Form each poet uses form that most effectively express what he wants to convey to other human beings.