Eukaryotic cells

• Eukaryotic cells differentiate into many specialized cells with structures that reflect their particular functions.
• The plasma membrane regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell, controls the cell's internal environment, and maintains structural integrity.
• The material surrounding the nucleus, the cytoplasm, digests substances brought into the cell and destroys old parts of cells, and provides the cell with energy through the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration.
• The nucleolus produces components of ribosomes (RNA and proteins), is the site where protein synthesis begins, and is studded with ribosomes.
• The nucleus controls cellular activity, produces proteins, and contains DNA.
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum detoxifies drugs and produces membrane, sorts, modifies, and packages proteins, and plays a role in muscle contraction and cell division.
• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum maintains cell shape, forms tracks on which vesicles move, and may function in cell division.
• The Golgi complex modifies and packages proteins, plays a role in muscle contraction and cell division, and maintains cell shape.
• Facilitated Diffusion is the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein.
• The bag contains 98% water and 2% sugar.
• The water molecules move to dilute the solution during Osmosis.
• The bag gains and loses the same amount of water and maintains its shape during Osmosis.
• The bag gains more water than it loses and swells during Osmosis.
• Extracellular fluid has a high concentration in Plasma membrane and a low concentration in Cytoplasm.
• To cross a cell membrane, water-soluble substances need to be assisted or “facilitated” by carrier proteins.
• Extracellular fluid contains Glucose and is transported to the Plasma membrane by a Carrier protein.
• Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.
• The bag loses more water than it gains and shrinks during Osmosis.
• Glucose moves through the lipid bilayer from high to low concentration with aid from a carrier protein.
• The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape, forms tracks on which vesicles move, and may function in cell division.
• The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell, and regulates cellular activity.
• Active transport is the movement, often from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, with the aid of a carrier protein and energy, usually from ATP.
• Iso tonic solution is a 98% water, 2% sugar solution.
• Exocytosis is a process by which a membrane-bound vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and spills contents outside the cell.
• Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in the loose form (chromatin) or condensed, which are then visible in the light microscope during cell division.
• The Golgi complex is a series of interconnected, flattened membranous sacs where proteins are packaged in vesicles and transferred for processing and packaging.
• The nucleus contains almost all of the genetic information of the cell, DNA, and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, a double membrane that allows communication through nuclear pores.
• Lysosomes are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes used to break down cellular components.
• The nucleolus is a specialized region within the nucleus involved in the production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
• The endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive network of channels connected to the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and certain organelles.
• Hyper tonic solution is a 90% water, 10% sugar solution.
• The endoplasmic reticulum consists of two types: the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) which contains ribosomes that guide the production of cell products, and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) which lacks ribosomes and is involved in the production of phospholipids and detoxification.
• The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that separates the extracellular fluid from the material contained in the cytoplasm inside the cell.
• The genetic information is organized into chromosomes, threadlike structures made of DNA, and associated proteins called histones.
• Distilled water is 100% water.
• Ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum or freely floating in the cytoplasm.
• Ribosomes take an mRNA copy of a gene and turn it into protein.
• Organelles are membrane-bound organelles found inside eukaryotic cells, which have different functions.
• Endocytosis is a process by which materials are engulfed by the plasma membrane and drawn into the cell in a vesicle.
• Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to a region of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration).