Invertebrate Zoology

• Oidea- Superfamily
• idae- family
• ini- tribe
• 3 domains of life-

  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
• Archaea- very close to the root of life

  • Many are extremophile
  • Halophiles- salt
  • Thermophiles- temperature
  • Acidiphiles/Alkaliniphiles- acidic and basic extremes
  • Barophiles- pressure
• Eukarya— focus of the semester

  • Plants
  • Animals (metazoo)
  • Protists (Protozoa- animal like protists, heterotrophic)
  • Fungus
• Protista- Protozoa

  • animal like members who eat organic material (Heterotrophic)
• Animalia- diverse group

  • multicellular
  • ingestive feeding
  • heterotrophic
  • eukaryotic
• 635-541 MYA: Ediacaran Epoch

  • Marine fauna display radial symmetry
  • Usually soft bodied without organ structure
  • Leads to bilateral symmetry (cephalization)
• 541-252 MYA- Paleozoic era (Cambrian explosion)

  • Huge diversity increase
  • rapid radiation- more bilaterally symmetrical animals
  • Crustaceans and jawless fishes
• 252-66 MYA- Mesozoic era

  • Angiosperms, first mammals
  • Supercontinent Pangaea breaks
  • 50% mass extinction
• 60MYA-Now: Cenozoic era

  • Continental movement that shaped the mountains
  • Invertebrates found in all major habitats
• Supralittoral- rarely covered by water, splash zone
• Eulittoral- Area between the high and low tides, dynamic life as animals not always covered with water
• Sublittoral- Area below low tide and always covered with water

  • Is influenced by actions of the waves
• Continental shelf- area underwater that is relatively walkable and extends away from the land
• Continental edge and slopes- edge of shell that drops to the ocean floor
• Abyssal plain- Deep ocean floor
• Benthic- just above and including the bottom of the ocean floor
• Pelagic- from surface of water just above bottom
• Neritic zone- pelagic over the continental shelf (closest to land)
• Oceanic zone- Pelagic over continental shelf and abyssal plain
• Epifauna- live on structures of the bottom: sponges, snails, and barnacles
• Infauna- Burrow INto sediment of bottom

  • Clams, many worms
• Errant organisms- Free living and move through the pelagic zone

  • Jellyfish
• Sessile organisms- attach to the substrate, do not move

  • Polyp
• Sedentary organisms- Do not attach to substrate but do not move much

  • Clams
• Nekton- animals that swim through the pelagic zone
• Plankton- Drift of float through the pelagic zone
• Phytoplankton- plant plankton
• Zooplankton- animal plankton

  • Holoplankton- spend entire life as plankton
  • Meroplankton- benthic as adults (go through metamorphosis)
• Estuaries are productive mixtures of salt and freshwater that leads to a high number of nutrients
• Coastal marshes flood when tides come in and are barren when tides go out

  • Have halophytic plans (salt growing plants)
• Marine environments: have more thermal stability, ion concentrations similar to body fluids, density allows for buoyancy, and have a stable pH
• Freshwater systems have: low thermal stability, low ion concentrations (osmotic potential for water to move into organism), less dense so fish do not float in water, lower pH stability
• Terrestrial habitats are harder to live in due to less support of body, dispersal of gametes takes more effort, water is limited, and waste is not diluted
• Hyperparasitism- one parasite lives in another parasite
• Parasitoids- kill single host usually for benefit of fitness through young
• Mutualism- both benefit (cleaner shrimp and fish)
• Commensalism- one benefits while the other is not harmed or helped