Cell structure and transport

• Function of the nucleus

  controls all the activities of the cell and genetic information
• Function of the cytoplasm

  Where chemical reactions take place
• Function of the cell membrane

  controls what substance goes in and out
• function of the mitochondria

  Site of aerobic respiration, releases energy
• Function of ribosomes

  site of protein synthesis
• Function of cell wall

  Strengthens and protects the cell
• Function of the chloroplast

  contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis
• Function of the permanent vacuole

  contains cell sap to keep cell rigid
• 3 differences for animal and plant cells:

  Plant cells have chloroplasts, vacuole and a cell wall. Animal cells do not.
• What substance is plant's cell wall made of?

  cellulose
• Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotes do.
• State one organism that is prokaryotic

  Bacteria
• Where is the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell found?

  Free in cytoplasm
• What the name of the extra small DNA rings found in some prokaryotes?

  Plasmids
• Function of the flagella

  allows the cell to move around
• Similarity between plant cells and bacterial cells

  Both have cell walls
• Difference between animal cells and bacterial cells

  Animal cells don't have a cell wall. Bacterial cells do.
• What is the use of flagellum in sperm cells?

  allows it to swim and reach the egg
• Function of the slime capsule

  to protect the cell
• Why do sperm cells have lots of mitochondria?

  need lots of energy for movement
• Adaptations of a nerve cell

  lots of dendrites, long axon, Myelin sheath
• Function of nerve cells

  carries electrical impulses
• How is a muscle cell adapted to its function?

  Mitochondria for energy, proteins for contraction
• What is the energy in root hair cells used for?

  Active transport of mineral ions
• How are palisade cells adapted to its function?

  lots of chloroplasts with chlorophyll to absorb light
• Specialised cell in plants that makes up tissue for transporting water

  Xylem cells
• substance in xylem cells that withstand water

  Lignin
• Differences between Xylem and Phloem

  Xylem: dead, hollow tube, has lignin, Phloem: living, has sieve plates, no lignin
• What is Diffusion?

  Movement of particles from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration
• 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion

  concentration gradient, temperature, surface area
• What is Osmosis?

  Movement of water molecules from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration (through a partially permeable membrane)
• Whats a partially permeable membrane?

  only allows some types of substances to pass through
• What is Active transport?

  Movement of particles from LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration against the concentration gradient
• 3 adaptations of exchange surfaces

  Large SA, thin membrane, maintains high conc difference