Module 1: What is biology?

• Define extant species

  a living species
• Why do polar beards have a clear inner eye lid?

  to protect their eyes underwater and reduce direct sunlight exposure
• why do polar bears have small eyes?

  reduced risk of snow blindness
• Why do polar bears have a thick layer of blubber?

  energy storing and insulation
• Why do polar bears have fur on the soles of their feet?

  for insulation and ice grip
• Why do polar bears have large feet?

  to spread body mass over ice and snow
• What is the function of a polar bear's strong legs?

  allows them to run and swim after prey
• What is the function of a polar bear's sharp claws and teeth?

  catching and eating prey
• What is the function of a polar bear's small ears?

  reduced heat loss
• What is the function of a polar bear's white, thick fur?

  insulation and camouflage
• Define function

  the adaptation and its use
• Define structure

  an anatomical feature
• Define adaptation

  the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to it's habitat
• Why did Lamarck define biology?

  he believed all living things should be studied together as a whole
• Who defined the term biology?

  Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
• What was the term natural history replaced with in the 18/19 century?

  zoology and botany
• Who are two other famous English naturalists?

  Charles Darwin, and David Attenborough
• What did Reverend White study?

  first to study behaviours of organisms instead of classifying them
• Who is Reverend Gilbert White?

  a modern naturalist
• What did Pliny the Elder study?

  wrote the encyclopedia of natural history ( 37 books)
• Who is Gaius Plinius Secundus?


  ( Pliny the elder ) a roman naturalist

  
• What did Theophrastus do?

  classified and divided plants into trees herbs, and shrubs
• Who is Theophrastus?

  the father of botany and student of Aristotle

  
• What did Aristotle study?

  used empirical method and inductive reasoning to form questions about the truth of the universe
• Who is Aristotle?


  the father of zoology and biology, first person to use the scientific method to study living things

  
• When did humans first domesticate plants and eventually livestock for farming?

  the neolithic period ( the Stone Age)
• Define natural history

  the study of natural objects, also includes non biological fields and the study of minerals
• Define evolution

  living things change gradually from one form to another over the course of time
• What is the unifying principle of biology?

  evolution
• Give an example of a behavioural adaptation


  hibernation of bears
• Define behavioural adaptation

  a repose by an organism to external stimuli as a biological adaptation
• Give an example of a physiological adaptation

  skunks release an oil secretion to ward off predators
• Define physiological adaptation

  a biological adaptation in which a nonvisable change occurs within the cells, tissues, or organs of a organism
• Give an example of a structural adaptation

  the crerata of a nudibranch increase it's surface area for mass exchange
• Define structural adaptation


  a biological adaptation in which the morphology, or physical structures of an organism are changed
• What are the types of biological adaptation?

  structural, physiological, and behavioural
• What are cerata?

  tentacles found on the back of a nudibranch used for additional gas exchange surface area and defense

  
• Define rhinophores


  sensory tentacles found on the head of a nudibranch

  
• Why are nudibranchs brightly colored?

  it levers as a warning to predators that they are unpalatable (toxic or bad tasting) and serves as a form of chemical defence
• Why don't nudibranchs have shells?

  because their gastropods